This review focuses on a class of unconventional macromolecules-giant molecules based on nano-atoms. Nano-atoms are 3D molecular nanoparticles (MNPs) with rigid shapes, well-defined chemical structures, and specific symmetries. Giant molecules are precise macromolecules built from molecular nanoparticles. Inspired by the domain concept in proteins, we propose that MNPs can serve as the structural and functional domains for synthetic macromolecule, allowing one to design and synthesize materials with the desired function in a modular fashion via the retro-functional analysis. The structure-property relationship gained from this process will improve our understanding of these materials and guide the optimization of the materials property. Giant molecules can also be viewed as size-amplified small-molecule analogues, exhibiting similar but also distinct self-assembly behaviors from their counterparts. For example, giant surfactants behave like small-molecule surfactants in solution, forming micelles with stretched tails and versatile morphologies, but assemble into nano-phase-separated structures in bulk just like block copolymers. Their self-assembly exhibits unusual sensitivity to the primary chemical structures and the formation of unconventional hierarchical structures is not uncommon, including the Frank-Kasper phases, the non-integral folding in low molecular weight PEO lamellar crystals and various hierarchical structures in solution self-assembly. Therefore, we envision that giant molecules will be technically very important and receive numerous practical applications in the near future.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Giant molecules: the domain concept
3 Retro-functional analysis: structural synthon and functional synthon
4 Giant molecules: precision synthesis
4.1 Click chemistry
4.2 Molecular nanoparticles
4.3 Sequential click chemistry
5 Giant molecules: controlled assembly
6 Conclusion and outlook

In recent years, all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has been paid much attention as a new type of battery for energy storage. Researchers have been focusing much on activation of carbon electrodes used for the key material in VRFB. The carbon electrode, such as carbon felts and graphite felts, are widely used as electrode for VRFB due to their low cost and high performance. The electrochemical activation and reversibility towards V(Ⅴ)/V(Ⅳ) and V(Ⅲ)/V(Ⅱ) redox reactions can be significantly improved after increasing the oxygen and nitrogen functional groups on the surface of carbon electrodes or introducing all kinds of catalysts by activation treatment, which can improve the overall performance of VRFB and further accelerate its commercialization process. The research progress in various common activation methods including oxidation activation, doping activation and carbon nanocatalysts activation, are summarized in this paper. The further research and prospect on carbon electrodes in VRFB are also presented.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Carbon electrodes
3 Active of carbon electrodes
3.1 Oxidation activation method
3.2 Doping activation method
3.3 Carbon nanocatalysts activation method
3.4 Other activation methods
4 Outlook

Ordered mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have drawn a great deal of attention in the biomedical fields because of their specific structures and unique physical chemistry properties. Combined with various functional materials or molecules, such as magnetic nanoparticles, fluorescent probes, antineoplastic drugs and targeting ligands, ordered mesoporous silica nanoparticles can be developed into the multifunctional nanomedicines in the application of diagnosis and therapy of tumor. The recent progress on synthetic methods, surface modification and application of MSNs are reviewed. First of all, the methods of synthesis in different pH medium and template removal are summarized in detail along with a brief introduction on their merits and drawbacks. Secondly, surface modification methods are described, including surface stabilization and surface functionalization. Thirdly, the application progress of targeted therapy and imaging diagnosis of MSNs loaded with imaging agents or chemotherapy drugs are also concluded. The final part outlines the challenges and perspectives.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of MSNs
2.1 Methods of preparation in alkaline medium
2.2 Methods of preparation in acid medium
2.3 Methods of preparation in neutral medium
2.4 Methods of preparation in acid-base medium
3 Methods of removing templates
3.1 High-temperature calcination
3.2 Extraction method
3.3 Microwave digestion method
3.4 Oxidation method
3.5 Other methods
4 Surface modification and functionalization
4.1 Surface modification for stabilization
4.2 Surface modification for specific targeting
5 Application in the tumor diagnosis and therapy
5.1 Tumor diagnosis
5.2 Tumor therapy
5.3 Tumor theranostics
6 Conclusion and Outlook

Mesoporous molecular sieve materials have been widely studied in academic and industry due to their remarkable physicochemical properties, including the high specific surface area and pore volume, extensively pore structure, controllable morphology, surface functionalization, good thermal stability, non-toxic and harmless. Ordered mesoporous silica materials, prepared by template method, possess well-ordered periodicity and one dimension to three dimensional interconnected pore structures that are of interest for numerous applications, such as adsorption, separation, catalysis and biomedicine engineering. In order to utilize the geometric and electronic bound properties of ordered-mesochannels as micro reactor, it is necessary to develop host-guest assembly from fundamental and application point of view. In this review, combining with the latest work in our group, ordered mesochannels of mesoporous silica materials are used as a base and starting point. The research progress of host-guest assembly in recent years are introduced systematically. Influence factors, including the choice of templates, organic groups and guest, preparation methods and other necessary modifications, and synthetic mechanism in the process of host-guest assembly are also discussed. Finally, host-guest assembly of ordered mesoporous silica materials in environmental purification and biomedical engineering application are summarized.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The assembly of ordered mesoporous silica materials
2.1 Classification and characteristics of ordered mesoporous silica materials
2.2 Host- the assembly of metal ions
2.3 Guest-the assembly of metal particles
2.4 Guest-the assembly of MOFs
2.5 Guest-the assembly of enzymes and drug molecules
3 Applications
3.1 Environmental purification
3.2 Biology field
4 Conclusion and outlook

Carbazole and carbazole-related compounds have been studied for their unique electrical, electrochemical and optical-physical properties in the past decades. This kind materials are typical hole transporting unit due to the electron donating character and can be easily modified with electron transport units in different position. Thereby, the injection of electrons and holes simultaneously into deep blue emitters becomes more facility, meanwhile, there is a good balance between electrons and holes. It is believed that carbazole and carbazole-related compounds have great promise as photoelectric functional materials for their photo-physical and fluorescent properties in the blue light region. Carbazole and carbazole-related compounds not only can be used as small molecular in fluorescence materials, phosphorescence materials and thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials, but also as high molecular. Recently, the syntheses of carbazole and carbazole-related materials and their applications have become the highlight in blue emitting organic light-emitting diodes. In this review, we summarize recent progress of small molecular carbazole and carbazole-related materials as organic light emitting materials. The molecular design concept, the electric structure, optical physical properties, thermal stability, electrochemical properties and the properties of carbazole-based OLEDs are reviewed as well.Meanwhile, carbazole-containing polymers OLED materials also be discussed. At last, the perspectives of foreseeable future and trend of development of carbazole-based OLEDs are also presented. Considering the conversion efficiency of electrical-to-optical and the cost of OLED, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and polymer light-emitting materials (containing carbazole-based groups) are most attractive tendency to blue OLEDs.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Small organic molecular carbazole-based blue emitting materials
2.1 Carbazole-based fluorescence materials
2.2 Carbazole-based phosphorescence materials
3 Carbazole-based thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials
4 Carbazole-containing polymers blue emitting materials
4.1 Polymers with pendant carbazolyl moieties
4.2 Polymers containing carbazole moieties in the main chain
5 Conclusion and outlook

The ionic liquids have been widely applied in the organic synthesis as a new reaction medium or catalysts, because of their special properties and excellent solubility with organic and inorganic compounds. Recently, polyethylene glycol-functionalized ionic liquids have attracted much attention from the researchers engaging in organic synthesis. The polyethylene glycol-functionalized ionic liquids merged the physical and chemical properties of ionic liquids and polyethylene glycol, so it can be used as better solvent or reaction medium than that of ionic liquids or polyethylene glycol respectively. On the other hand, the polyethylene glycol-functionalized ionic liquids could be easily modified with different functional groups, which can change the corresponding electronic properties by the modification of their structure. All this will contribute greatly to improve the catalytic performance in polyethylene glycol-functionalized ionic liquids involved organic reactions. The previous progress showed that there are several merits for the application of polyethylene glycol ionic liquids in organic synthesis, not only improved the catalytic activity and selectivity of reaction, but also simplified the work-up, and facilitated the separation and reuse of traditional catalyst. The paper summarizes the synthesis of various polyethylene glycol functionalized ionic liquids, and focused on the recent applications of polyethylene glycol functionalized ionic liquids as new reaction medium, or catalyst in organic reaction, including addition reaction, condensation reaction, reduction reaction, esterification, nitration reaction, oxidation reaction, hydrolysis reaction, Heck reaction, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, etc.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Progress and preparation of polyethylene glycol functionalized ionic liquids
3 Application of polyethylene glycol functionalized ionic liquids in the addition reaction
3.1 Hydrosilylation
3.2 Cycloaddition of epoxy compounds with CO₂
4 Application of polyethylene glycol functionalized ionic liquids in the condensation reaction
4.1 Application of polyethylene glycol functionalized ionic liquids/toluene in the acetal reaction
4.2 Condensation reaction of three components
4.3 Condensation reaction of four components
4.4 Knoevenagel condensation reaction
5 Application of polyethylene glycol functionalized ionic liquids in the reduction reaction
5.1 Application of PEG₁₀₀₀-DAIL/toluene in the reduction reaction of aromatic nitro compounds
5.2 Catalytic synthesis of 2-(amino benzene) six fluorine isopropyl alcohol
5.3 Catalytic hydrogenation
6 Application of polyethylene glycol functionalized ionic liquids in the esterification reaction
7 Application of polyethylene glycol functionalized ionic liquids in the nitration
8 Application of polyethylene glycol functionalized ionic liquids in the oxidation reaction
9 Application of polyethylene glycol functionalized ionic liquids in the hydrolysis reaction
10 Application of polyethylene glycol functionalized ionic liquids in the other reaction
11 Conclusion and perspective

Combining the dynamic and tunable characteristics from supramolecular polymers and the helical conformation from chiral polymers, supramolecular helical polymers have received considerable research interest and been widely applied in various fields, including chiral probes and chiral recognition, as well as asymmetric catalysis. Peptides integrate chirality, abandoned secondary structures, and high tendency to self-assemble, which have been used for mediating supramolecular formation of helical polymers. In the present review, peptide-mediated supramolecular helical polymers will be described in details, focusing on structural effects of different peptides on supramolecular formation and chirality enhancement. By comparison to linear peptides, topology of their representatives, including cyclopeptides, dendritic and C₃ peptides, is analyzed to understand its effect on the chiral enhancement and formation of helical conformation. Furthermore, supramolecular helical polymers mediated by peptides showing stimuli-responsiveness to light, temperature, pH, metal ions and enzymes are emphasized. The stimuli-responsive properties may exert influence on helical conformation and chiral enhancement, and make the conformation tunable. At the same time, the stimuli-responsiveness may afford these supramolecular polymers new functionalities and pose new light on promising applications. The present review hopes to provide readers an updated point view on how peptides mediate the formation of helical supramolecular polymers with environmental responsiveness.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Amphiphilic peptide-mediated supramolecular helical polymers
2.1 Pure peptides
2.2 Hydrophobic alkyl chain modified peptides
2.3 Aromatic short peptides
2.4 Bolaamphiphilic peptides
2.5 Peptides based on π-π interaction
2.6 Amyloid-like peptides
3 Topological peptide-mediated supramolecular helical polymers
3.1 Cyclopeptides
3.2 Dendritic peptides
3.3 C₃ peptides
4 Peptide-based stimuli-responsive supramolecular helical polymers
4.1 Temperature
4.2 Light
4.3 pH
4.4 Metal ions
4.5 Enzyme
5 Conclusion

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is the first virus to be discovered. Due to its special one-dimensional structure, monodispersity in nanoscale, good biocompatibility, chemical and genetic modification, TMV has aroused great research interests in self-assembly and as a building block for construction of bio-nano composite materials. Here, the recent developments of TMV in the self-assembly and fabrication of biocomposite materials are summarized. Its future research and application are reviewed in the end.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structural feature of TMV
3 Self-assembly
3.1 Self-assembly of TMV coat proteins
3.2 Self-assembly of TMV in solution and at interfaces
3.3 Self-assembly of TMV on substrates
4 Chemical and genetic modification
5 Applications
5.1 Surface coating
5.2 Patterning
5.3 Application in sensing
5.4 Application in the biomedical field
6 Conclusion and outlook

Oligothiophenes and their derivatives, possessing attractive properties such as good environmental stability and excellent photoelectric properties, are important organic functional materials which can be developed greatly. In this review, the synthesis and properties of oligothiophenes and their derivatives with a focus on applications in organic photovoltaics in recent years are discussed. According to the structure, oligothiophenes and their derivatives are divided into two categories. One category includes oligothiophenes containing nonpolar groups or weak-polar groups, and the other one includes donor-acceptor (D-A) oligothiophenes and their derivatives. The D-A oligothiophene derivatives include one dimensional, two dimensional or star-shaped molecules, self-assemble molecules, donor-acceptor dyads or triads. The oligothiophene derivatives used as acceptors in photovaitic devices are also discussed. Due to the intramolecular charge transfer effect, the photophysical and electrochemical properties of D-A oligothiophene derivatives as donors are superior to those of containing weak-polar group derivatives. The D-A oligothiophene derivatives based devices have the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency (>10%) among small molecular photovoltaic materials. Finally, the main factors that affect the photovoltaic performance of devices are briefly analysised such as HOMO and LUMO energy levels, scope of spectral absorption and film morphology, etc. The open circuit voltage (V_oc) is related to the difference between the LUMO energy level of the acceptor and the HOMO energy level of the donor. The short-circuit current (J_sc) is related to the absorption range and intensity of the active layer. The morphology of the active layer can be a determining factor for the fill factor (FF) of photovoltaic devices.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of oligothiophene derivatives
3 Applitation of oligothiophene derivatives on organic photovoltaic devices
3.1 Low-polar oligothiophenes
3.2 Donor-accepter oligothiophene derivatives
4 Conclusion and outlook

Molecular beacons are stem-loop hairpin-structured fluorescence probes with a fluorescent dye at 5' end and a fluorescence quencher at 3' end. When a target complementary sequence is absent, the molecular beacons do not fluoresce, because the formation of the hairpin structure brings the quencher and fluorophore into close proximity, whereby fluorescence is quenched with high efficiency. When a target molecule is present, the hybridization between the target and the loop sequence of the molecular beacon results in the spatial separation of the fluorophore and quencher, which opens the stem-loop structure of molecular beacons to emit fluorescence. Locked nucleic acid is a nucleic acid analogue containing one or more LNA nucleotide monomers with a bicyclic furanose unit locked in an RNA mimicking sugar conformation. It possesses excellent binding affinity to nucleic acid, high biostability and resists to nuclease degradation. Due to the excellent sensitivity and high specificity, the combination of the molecular beacons and locked nucleic acid has aroused wide concern. In this review, we intensively summarize the structure, function, design essentials, current research topics and some important progress. In addition, we also discuss the applications, potential problems and perspective of locked nucleic acid molecular beacons in molecular recognition and bioanalysis.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structure and function of molecular beacons
3 Structure and properties of locked nucleic acid
4 Application of LNA in molecular recognition and biomedicine
4.1 LNA antisense
4.2 LNA-modified siRNA (siLNA)
4.3 LNA-modified DNAzyme (LNAzymes)
5 LNA in biotechnology
5.1 LNA primers and PCR
5.2 LNA probes and hybridization
5.3 LNA modification in aptamers
5.4 LNA molecular beacons
6 Design of locked nucleic acid molecular beacons
6.1 Selection of the reporter and quencher
6.2 Hermodynamic aspects
6.3 Balance between selectivity and hybridization rate
6.4 Modification of LNA
7 Applications of LNA-MB in molecular recognition and bioanalysis
7.1 Real time PCR
7.2 mRNA imaging in living cells
7.3 Targeted recognition of microRNA
7.4 Single nucleotide polymorphisms
7.5 Detection of circulating DNA using LNA-MB
8 Conclusion

Multispectral photoacoustic tomography is one of the macroscopic observation methods combining multispectral imaging with photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) technology. Based on the specific spectral absorption characteristics of different biological tissue, the technology illuminates the tissue with multiple sets of short pulse laser of different wavelengths to produce tissue-specific photoacoustic signal for better photoacoustic imaging and component identification. MSOT combines the high sensitivity and resolution of optical imaging with the ability of the several centimeters deep-tissue imaging by ultrasound imaging, while compensated for the depth limitation of optical imaging and the low contrast of ultrasound imaging. Thus it enables noninvasive real-time imaging in the deep tissue with high-resolution and high-contrast, large penetration depths. Over the last years, MSOT has been applied to detecting the light-absorbing particles within the tumor, evaluating vascular structures and blood oxygenation, imaging the biological fluorescent protein and preliminary studies on the breast cancer patients. With the continuous improvement of photoacoustic imaging system, multispectral photoacoustic imaging technology combined with biomarkers (such as fluorescent reagents, gold particles, etc.) has vast applications in biomedical field, especially to molecular imaging in vivo. In this paper, we gives a brief count of the imaging principle, experimental setup and the performance characteristics of MOST. Furthermore, we mainly summarizes the progress of its latest applications in the biomedical field, particularly in the angiogenesis imaging, early diagnosis of cancer and tumors in situ imaging.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Photoacoustic imaging technology
2.1 Principle of operation
2.2 Classification of photoacoustic imaging
3 Multispectral photoacoustic tomography
3.1 MSOT experimental setup
3.2 Exogenous contrast agents
3.3 Performance characteristics
4 Advantages and challenges of MSOT
5 Applications of MSOT in biomedicine
5.1 Real-time monitoring of neovascularization
5.2 Early diagnosis of cancer
5.3 Targeting tumor imaging
6 Conclusion and outlook

Graphene and graphene oxide (GO) have attracted much attention on separation membrane due to their unique properties. In this paper, we review the membrane modification methods by graphene and GO, including membrane blending with GO, nanoporous graphene membrane and layered GO membrane, and comprehensively analyze the performances and mechanisms of these modified membranes. The results show that the blending membrane prepared via the phase inversion method exhibits high water flux, proper solute rejection, excellent hydrophilicity and low fouling propensity, but the unique structure and property of GO does not play effectively in the blending membrane with GO and modified GO; nanoporous graphene membrane has good separation performances because of graphene's high mechanical strength, atomic thickness and ability to support subnanometre pores, but it is challenging to manufacture large graphene with maintaining the structural integrity and control the pore size and pore distribution; the particular properties of GO get the full play in layered GO membranes, which achieve high water flux mainly because the non-oxidized region of GO with nearly frictionless surface promotes the extremely fast flow of water molecules, and obtains high rejection because of rejecting unwanted solutes. Accordingly, layered GO membrane will be thought as a promising membrane separation technology to obtain fine performances of high permeability, selectivity and anti-fouling ability.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Membrane blending with GO
2.1 Membrane blending with GO directly
2.2 Membrane blending with chemical modified GO
2.3 Membrane blending with GO and other nanomaterials
3 Nanoporous graphene membrane
4 Layered GO membrane
4.1 Fabrication methods of layered GO membrane
4.2 Mechanism of layered GO membrane
5 Conclusion and outlook

Oxygen exchange material is a kind of oxygen storage material which can release oxygen in a inert atmosphere and restore oxygen in a weak oxidation atmosphere. Thermochemical water splitting (TWS) technology is a promising process for the conversion of solar energy to hydrogen, which strongly replies on the development of the oxygen exchange materials (OEM). In a TWS process, the OEM could release its lattice oxygen via thermal decomposition or by reducing gas heated by solar energy, and then it would be reoxidized with water vapor to produce pure hydrogen. Some suitable OEMs can also be prepared to oxygen transport membranes (OTM), which enable the simultaneous occurence of the oxygen releasing and oxgyen restoring on each side of the materials, producing hydrogen successively. This review mainly introduce the recent developments on the OEMs, including Fe-based oxides, perovskite oxides, Ni-based oxides, Ce-based oxides, OTM. The main challenges in OEM, such as the provement of activity and cyclic stability of Fe-based oxides and perovskite oxides for water splitting, and realization of highly-efficient OTM reactor are discussed. Finally, future development trends in this area are prospected based on our researches.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Redox oxygen exchange materials (Redox-OEM)
2.1 Thermochemical reduction system
2.2 CH₄ reduction system
2.3 Syngas/CO reduction system
2.4 H₂ reduction system
3 Oxygen Transport Membranes (OTM-OEM)
3.1 CO/H₂ reduction system
3.2 CH₄ reduction system
3.3 Other systems
4 Conclusion and outlook

Vulcanization, as the key step in rubber process, directly affects the processing and performance of rubber products. Compared with sulfur alone, the presence of small amounts of accelerator together with sulfur can significantly improve the properties of final vulcanisate. However, the present accelerators generally pose potential risks to human health and the environment, and are suffering with their poor efficiency and sole function. Therefore, developing novel green accelerator that is non-poisonous, free or low zinc oxide content added, high-effective and multifunctional, is critical for rubber industry. This review briefly introduces the development of rubber, and the recent progresses on accelerator including the ionic liquids acceleration agents, the new bis(dithiocarbimato)zinc(II) accelerators, the rare earth vulcanizing accelerator and the novel secondary accelerators. Besides, the prospect of the in-depth study of vulcanization mechanism and the development of novel vulcanization accelerator are proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Ionic liquids vulcanization accelerators
3 Novel dithiocarbamate accelerators
4 Rare earth accelerators
4.1 Traditional rare earth accelerators
4.2 Novel zinc-free rare earth accelerators
4.3 Rare earth-transition metal multinuclear accelerators
5 New secondary accelerators
6 Conclusion and outlook

Enormous efforts have been made towards the next generation of flexible, low-cost, environmental friendly printed electronics. Printed electronics are being explored for the manufacture of large-scale and flexible electronic devices by the patterned application of printable materials. They involve a large number of frontier scientific problems, including many generic technologies in materials, devices, manufacturing process and applications. First of all, preparation of environmental friendly and low-cost conductive ink plays a key role in the development of printed electronics. Combining with the recent progress of printed electronics, this review focuses on the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, preparation of metal nanoparticles-based conductive inks and their applications. The classifications, stabilization of printable metal nanoparticles, preparation method of conductive inks and sintering process, and their progresses in sensors, thin-film transistors, solar cells, and RFID are also briefly reviewed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of printable metal nanoparticles
2.1 Classification of metal nanoparticles
2.2 Synthesis of metal nanoparticles
2.3 Stabilization of metal nanoparticles
3 Preparation of metal nanoparticles-based conductive inks
4 Post-printing treatment and resistivity
4.1 Electrical resistivity
4.2 Sintering of printed conductive patterns
5 Applications
5.1 Transparent electrodes
5.2 Light emitting devices
5.3 Thin film transistors
5.4 Solar cells
5.5 Sensors
5.6 RFID tags
6 Conclusions