Graphene has brought a storm of discoveries of 2-dimentional (2D) materials with exotic physical properties. To date, some new elemental 2D materials with extraordinary physical properties and applications, such as silicene, germanene, and borophene, have been experimentally grown on metal substrates. However, both atomic and electronic structures of substrate supported 2D materials are drastically different from their freestanding counterparts, due to the substrate-material interactions. Therefore, first-principles calculation is employed to probe such kind of interaction, as well as the substrate induced properties of 2D materials. The goal of this review is to provide a concise review of the works from the authors and collaborators about the recent theoretical advances in properties of silicene, germanene, and borophene on metal substrates. We also give a prospect in this field.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The main physical properties of borophene on Ag(111)
2.1 The structure of borophene
2.2 The electronic properties of borophene
3 The main physical properties of silicene
3.1 The structure of monolayered silicene on Ag(111)
3.2 The atomic and electronic properties of multilayered silicene
3.3 The topological properties of reconstructed pure √3surface
3.4 The functionalized silicene
4 The main physical properties of germanene on Sb(111)
5 Conclusion

Among smart polymer materials,biomolecule-responsive polymer is capable of responding to the binding/releasing of biological molecules, for example saccharides, peptides, enzymes, which resulting in dramatic transition in macroscopic properties of materials, such as volume, surface wettability and stiffness. These materials include hydrogels, copolymer films and some other types. The response process between material and biomolecules is generally realized by hydrogen bonds, intermolecular forces and other weak interactions. Due to their excellent designability and good biocompatibility, biomolecule-responsive polymers have many application prospects in biomedical fields such as biosensing, tissue engineering, microfluidic devices, bioseparation and so on, which have attracted more and more interests. Compared with many traditional exogenous stimuli, such as temperature, pH, magnetic field, electric field, or light irradiation, biomolecule-responsive polymers have better targeting ability. Therefore, they can better satisfy the high demand of biomaterials applied in vivo. Furthermore, biomolecule-responsive materials can be developed to the new generation of material for disease diagnosis and drug controllable release. Herein, according to the categories of biomolecules, like saccharides, proteins, enzymes and DNA, the design and response mechanism of biomolecule-responsive polymers materials has been summarized and the applications of these materials are also introduced. Finally, the research prospect of these fields are proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Saccharides-responsive
3 Protein-responsive
4 Enzyme-responsive
5 DNA-responsive
6 Conclusion

Organic field-Effect transistors (OFETs) as the primary building blocks of flexible electronics have been intensively studied, and considerable progresses on high performance materials development and multifunctional application have been recently made. Attributed to mild operating conditions and versatile manufacturing processes, solution process technologies become the appreciable choice for large-scale, low-cost OFETs fabrication. Compared with conjugated polymers, small molecular organic semiconductors reach a high degree of stacking density, ordering degree and material purity, which facilitate high performance devices fabrication. However, small molecular semiconductors bear poor film-forming ability, which hinders its solution processing technology development. Consequently, how to fabricate homogeneous, large area, well-defined small molecular semiconductors film, and large-scale, high performance devices array by different solution processing technologies becomes the hotspot in this field. This review provides a brief overview of recent advances in the solution processable small molecular organic semiconductors with high performance. Besides, according to the technology characteristics, the large-scale OFETs solution processing technologies are classified into drop casting, meniscus guided coating, and printing. Finally, the prospects and challenge for solution processed large-scale small molecular OFETs are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Solution processable small molecular organic semiconductors
2.1 p-Type small molecular organic semiconductors
2.2 n-Type small molecular organic semiconductors
2.3 Ambipolar small molecular organic semiconductors
3 Solution processing technologies of large-scale small molecular OFETs
3.1 Drop casting
3.2 Meniscus guided coating
3.3 Printing
3.4 Thin-film post-processing technology
4 Conclusion and outlook

The lithium-ion battery has mitigated the reliance on fossil fuels and alleviated the increasing pressure on environment as a new form of energy storage. Compared with other conventional cathodes, lithium-rich layered oxide is considered to be one of the most potential candidates for the next generation cathode materials due to its low cost and higher reversible capacity, which is a promising application especially in the fields of electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage grids. In this review, we start from the point of the structures of lithium-rich layered oxides then mainly focus on the differences of lattice configuration between a solid solution structure and a "composite" structure. Various characterization methods which are used to identify these differences are introduced as well. The origins of the 4.5 V plateau and several representative mechanisms proposed in recent years are summarized. From different perspective, these mechanisms explain the origin of the abnormal capacity of lithium-rich layered oxides when they are charged-discharged at the first cycle. According to the current research, the validity of these mechanisms is elaborated. Meanwhile, some major problems which hinder the further development of lithium-rich layered oxides, including irreversible capacity loss at first cycle, cycle performance, rate capability, are introduced. At the same time, the effects generated by the surface spinel phase and several typical modification methods are elaborated. Finally, the future development and the prospects of lithium-rich layered oxides as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries are also proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structures
2.1 Solid solution structure
2.2 “Composite” structure
3 Origins of the 4.5 V plateau
3.1 “Oxygen loss” mechanism
3.2 “Reversible oxygen redox” mechanism
3.3 “Proton exchange” mechanism
3.4 Other mechanisms
4 Capacity loss mechanisms and modifications
4.1 Reasons and modifications of irreversible capacity loss during first cycle
4.2 Reasons and modifications of voltage decay upon cycles
4.3 Reasons and modifications of poor C-rate capability
5 Conclusion

In recent years, the use of zero-valent iron (ZVI) for treatment of toxic contaminants in water system has been widely investigated. In the presence of oxidant, such as oxygen (O₂) or hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), the electron transfer processes among ZVI, oxidants and contaminants are extremely complex, and the interaction mechanisms between ZVI and oxidants are still inconclusive. Generally speaking, O₂ can promote the formation of iron oxide layer via corrosion of ZVI by water and oxygen, which may block the outward electron transfer and then decrease the reductive ability of ZVI. However, O₂ could be activated via two-electron reduction pathway to produce H₂O₂, thereby forming ZVI/O₂ Fenton-like system. Based on this, the extra addition of H₂O₂, peroxymonosulfate (HSO₅^-) or persulfate (S₂O₈^2-) can react with ZVI and the generated Fe²⁺ and then produce strong oxidizing hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and sulfate radicals (SO₄^·-), which can efficiently degrade organic contaminants through advanced oxidation processes (ZVI-AOPs). Otherwise, some researchers recently propose another critical role of common oxidants in accelerating ZVI corrosion and then hence in facilitating the electron transfer rate and promoting the reductive performance of ZVI. The combination of ZVI and oxidants can not only show significant synergistic degradation between heavy metals and organic contaminants, but also achieve the degradation and mineralization of refractory pollutants through reduction through ZVI firstly and then oxidation through AOPs. This review summarizes the ZVI-AOPs system and ZVI-reduction system based on the interaction between ZVI and oxidants and their electron transfer processes, as well as makes a summary of the associative effect of ZVI and oxidants. At last, the prospects of the research areas meriting further investigation are pointed out.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Advanced oxidation processes
2.1 ZVI/oxidant advanced oxidation system
2.2 Physically enhanced ZVI/oxidant system
2.3 Chemically enhanced ZVI/oxidant system
3 Reduction processes
3.1 ZVI/O₂ reduction system
3.2 ZVI/H₂O₂ reduction system
3.3 ZVI/PS reduction system
3.4 ZVI/other oxidants reduction system
4 Associative mechanisms of ZVI and oxidants
4.1 Simultaneous removal of combined pollutants
4.2 Removal of refractory pollutants
5 Conclusion

Bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells have become one of the research hotspots in the field of photovoltaic technology due to their low production cost, light weight, simple preparation process, good flexibility and so on. Bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells have achieved energy conversion efficiency of more than 11%. The bulk heterojunction layer is the key point of the bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells and its micro-morphology has an influence on the energy conversion efficiency by affecting the open-circuit voltage, fill factor and short-circuit current of the bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells. So how to effectively control the micro-morphology of the bulk heterojunction is one of the key issues for improving the energy conversion efficiency of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells. In this paper, the formation process of bulk heterojunction is introduced, and the micro-morphology control methods of bulk heterojunction developed in recent years are systematically summarized and discussed to provide guidance and reference for the preparation of the bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The formation process of organic bulk heterojunction
3 Regulation for micro-morphology of bulk heterojunction
3.1 Regulation for micro-morphology of bulk heterojunction by solvent-induced
3.2 Regulation for micro-morphology of bulk heterojunction by thermal annealing
3.3 Regulation for micro-morphology of bulk heterojunction by the ratio of donor and acceptor
4 Conclusion

N-heterocyclic carbenes(NHC) have long been recognized as important ligands in organometallic chemistry, and NHC can form stable metal-carbon bonds with metals because of their stong σ-donating ability that provides the possibility to develop platinum NHC complexes as catalysts. N-heterocyclic carbene-platinum (Pt-NHC) complexes have been widely applied as catalysts in numerous catalytic organic reactions, in which the Pt-NHC system shows excellent catalytic performance and features with stable physical and chemical properties. On the other hand, the Pt-NHC complexes could be easily modified with different functional groups by modification of the stereo-effect and the corresponding electronic properties. In past years, it provides an effective method to solve the problem encountered in the process of using the traditional catalyst, and has become one of the hot topics in the organometallic chemistry and catalytic chemistry. In this manuscript, we summarize the recent progress in the synthesis of Pt-NHC complexes and their application in the catalytic organic transformations, including hydrosilylation of olefins/alkynes and ketones, isomerization reaction, hydroamination of unactivated olefins, borylation reactions of olefins, and hydration reaction of alkynes. Furthermore, the catalytic mechanism of all these reactions has been discussed. At last, the deficiencies as well as the perspective of Pt-NHC complexes have been also highlighted.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Application of Pt-NHC complexes for hydrosilylation
2.1 Preparation of Pt(0)-NHC complexes and catalysis hydrosilylation
2.2 Preparation of Pt(Ⅱ)-NHC complexes and catalysis hydrosilylation
3 Application of Pt(Ⅱ)-NHC complexes in the cyclic-isomerization
4 Application of Pt(Ⅱ)-NHC complexes in the hydroamination of unactivated alkenes
5 Application of Pt(Ⅱ)-NHC complexes in the hydration of alkynes
6 Application of Pt(Ⅱ)-NHC complexes in the boride reaction of cycloolefin
7 Conclusion

Hydrazine borane (N₂H₄BH₃, HB) is considered as a highly promising hydrogen storage material due to its high hydrogen content (15.4 wt%), easy preparation, and good physical and chemical properties. Hydrogen can be produced from hydrazine borane via pyrolysis, methanolysis and hydrolysis reaction. Especially, a promising approach for complete hydrogen production from N₂H₄BH₃ is by hydrolysis of the BH₃ group and selective decomposition of the N₂H₄ moiety of N₂H₄BH₃, corresponding to a theoretical gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity (GHSC) of 10 wt% for the system N₂H₄BH₃-3H₂O. The GHSC of N₂H₄BH₃ is much higher than those of benchmark hydrogen storage systems NaBH₄-4H₂O (7.3 wt%), NH₃BH₃-4H₂O (5.9 wt%), and N₂H₄·H₂O (8.0 wt%). The suitable catalyst is essential for complete hydrogen generation from N₂H₄BH₃. In this paper, the synthesis and characterizations of hydrazine borane are briefly introduced. The developments of catalytic systems for hydrogen production from hydrolysis of the BH₃ group and dehydrogenation of the N₂H₄ moiety of hydrazine borane at mild conditions are significantly reviewed. Moreover, the mechanism of hydrogen production from hydrazine borane is concisely analyzed and the application prospects of hydrazine borane are also remarked in this review.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis and characterization of hydrazine borane
2.1 Synthesis
2.2 Molecular and structural analyses
3 Dehydrogenation of hydrazine borane
3.1 Hydrolysis of the BH₃ group of hydrazine borane
3.2 Hydrolysis of the BH₃ group and dehydrogenation of the N₂H₄ moiety of hydrazine borane
3.3 Reaction mechanism of complete dehydrogenation of hydrazine borane
4 Conclusion

Block Copolymers (BCPs) have been investigated widely in recent years due to their ability of self-assembly in nanoscale and periodical patterns with feature sizes below 10 nm in thin films. Making use of the advantages of self-assembly of block copolymers in thin films, directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers combines the "bottom to top" self-assembly of block copolymers in films and the "up to down" optical lithography or e-beam lithography technologies to prepare guide templates. Morphology diversity of nanostructures such as layer, columnar and holes can be obtained by molecular design of block copolymers. The pattern-wise introduction of chemical heterogeneity on the substrate surface allows the energetic of the polymer-surface interaction to be controlled in a spatially localized way that directs the alignment of block copolymer domains in films. Two main methods of self-assembly considered so far have been the grapho-epitaxy (topographic guiding patterns), which is based on creating pre-pattern on the surface of the template by lithography, and the chemical-epitaxy (chemical guiding patterns), which is based on the surface chemical modification of the template to direct the self-assembly process for instance by grafting a neutral layer material. Consequently, with higher resolution, denser and better ordered nano-patterns can be fabricated by tailoring, surface modification and size-control on micro phase and DSA is becoming one of the most promising advanced lithography technologies.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Micro-phase separations of block copolymers (BCPs)
3 Directed self-assembly (DSA) of BCPs in thin films
3.1 Preparation of pre-templates
3.2 Control of template surface properties on self-assembly
3.3 DSA methods: grapho-epitaxy and chemcal-epitaxy
3.4 Other factors affecting the DSA morphology
3.5 Characterization and evaluation methods
4 Conclusion

As a green environmentally friendly solvent and catalyst, ionic liquids have attracted much attention because of their various properties, such as good solubility, high catalytic activity, good thermal stability and easy recycling. Polyesters have tremendous production capacity around the world with applications in wide ranges, and at the same time their wastes result in some negative effects on environment. This paper is aimed to review commonly chemical degradation and recycling methods of polyester waste, and also the development in synthesis of polyester catalyzed by ionic liquids. Polyester can be easily converted into its monomers or oligomers by the method of chemical recycling for the purpose of recycling use. Several methods of chemical degradation of polyester waste locally and abroad are summarized, including hydrolysis method, methanol depolymerization method, ethanol depolymerization method, and ethylene glycol depolymerization method. The advantages and disadvantages of main chemical depolymerization methods are compared. Recent studies especially focus on degradation recycling of the most common polyester-poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), using functionalized ionic liquids as catalyst. Other applications of functionalized ionic liquids catalyst in polymerization of PET and mechanism of the glycolysis of PET catalyzed by Lewis acidic ionic liquids are also introduced.At last, challenges in the synthesis and degradation of polyester catalyzed by Lewis acidic ionic liquids are overviewed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Ionic liquid applied in the degradation of polyester
3 Ionic liquid applied in the synthesis of polyester
4 Conclusion

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) possesses a set of characteristics superior for biomedical applications including excellent mechanical properties, suitable biocompatibility and chemical resistance. More importantly, the elastic modulus of PEEK is analogous to that of human cortical bone. Thus, PEEK material is considered as a prime candidate to replace conventional biomedical metallic materials as hard tissue repair and substitute implants. However, PEEK material is naturally bioinert, and to some extent, poor osteointegration between PEEK implant and surrounding bone tissue hinders its biomedical applications in hard tissue repair and substitute field. Currently, researchers mainly add bioactive ceramics such as calcium phosphate (CaP), bioactive glass (BGs) and calcium silicate (CS) to PEEK matrix to prepare composite for enhancing bioactivity and osteointegration strength between PEEK implant and bone tissue. Unfortunately, the addition of these bioactive ceramics to PEEK have resulted in trade-offs between mechanical properties and bioactivity. How to enhance PEEK bioactivity and retain its mechanical properties at the same time has become a hot area of current research. This paper reviews the research progress and status in the aspects of preparation, mechanical properties and biological performance of these materials for hard tissue implant, and predicts its future development.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 PEEK/calcium phosphate composites
2.1 PEEK/hydroxyapatite composite
2.2 PEEK/β-tricalciumphosphate composite
3 Other PEEK composites
3.1 PEEK/carbon nanotubes/bioactive glass composite
3.2 PEEK/calcium silicate composite
3.3 PEEK/nano-titanium oxide composite
4 Conclusion