We first give a brief summary on the progress of theoretical chemistry in China, including advances in relativistic quantum chemistry, multi-references electronic structure theory, gas-phase molecular reaction quantum dynamics, excited state structure and its dynamic processes, computational photo-chemistry, linear scaling electronic structure theory, ab initio valence bond theory, new and more accurate density functionals for various interactions, surface catalytic reaction theory, and in theoretical studies for functional materials, etc. We then present an example of application of theoretical chemistry to the prediction of power conversion efficiency of the solar cells, an issue closely related to the sustainable developments.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Progress in theoretical chemistry
3 Theoretical chemistry interdisciplinary in application
4 Conclusion

With the rapid consumption of fossil fuel and the severe environmental problems, new energy sources have become an issue all over the world. Focusing on the theoretical aspects, we review the investigations on adsorption of both atomic and molecular oxygen at metal Pt and its alloys. Studies of oxygen reduction reaction and removal of CO are also included. Furthermore the current status of first-principles approaches to the mechanism of methanol steam reforming catalyzed by Pd/ZnO is presented. For hydrogen storage we comment on the theoretical investigations on hydrogen storage by chemical and physical adsorption. Finally we discuss the application of theoretical methods to bulk hetrojunction solar cells and dye-sensitized solar cells.

Contents
1 Fuel cells
1.1 Adsorption and reduction of oxygen at cathode
1.2 Removal of CO
1.3 Methanol steam reforming on Pd/ZnO
2 Materials for hydrogen storage
2.1 Hydrogen storage by chemical adsorption
2.2 Hydrogen storage by physical adsorption
2.3 New materials for hydrogen storage
3 Solar cell materials
3.1 Materials in bulk hetrojunction solar cells
3.2 Materials in dye-sensitized solar cells
3.3 Comments on computational methods
4 Conclusion

Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources, combustion of these fossil fuels cause a series of global environmental problems, such as global warming by releasing of green-house gas CO₂, and a series of environmental pollution problems, etc. Development of clean, environmental friendly, and sustainable (or renewable) none fossil fuel energy sources has drawn much attention and becomes an important priority stratagem in many countries. Nowadays, it is generally accepted that solar energy will play an important role in the development of new energy sources since it is abundant, clean and especially renewable. Hydrogen is an ideal candidate for the replacement of the fossil fuels, because it features high combustion energy, and no environmental pollution. As a sustainable approach for new energy sources, photocatalytic hydrogen production utilizing solar energy is a promising strategy for the world. This article briefly review the recent advances in photocatalytic hydrogen production especially summarize the recent progresses in photocatalytic H₂ evolution made in this group. The prospects for the development of highly efficient photocatalysts for H₂ production is also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Hydrogen production using semiconductor photocatalysts
1.2 Trends in the development of photocatalytic hydrogen production
2 Typical photocatalysts for hydrogen production
2.1 Photocatalysts for UV light driven photocatalytic hydrogen production
2.2 Photocatalysts for visible light driven photocatalytic hydrogen production
2.3 Heterophase junction and heterojunction photocatalysts
2.4 Cocatalysts
3 Photocatalytic system for hydrogen production
3.1 Photocatalytic water splitting system for hydrogen production
3.2 Photocatalytic H₂S splitting system for hydrogen production
3.3 Photocatalytic biomass reforming system for hydrogen production
3.4 Mimicking natural photosynthesis system for hydrogen production
4 Ultrafast spectroscopic studies on the mechanism of photocatalytic hydrogen production
5 Prospects

Polymer solar cells (PSCs) are composed of a blend film of conjugated polymer donor and soluble fullerene derivative acceptor sandwiched between an ITO transparent electrode and a metal electrode. PSCs have drawn broad research interests in recent years, due to their advantages of simple device structure, low cost, light weight and possibility to fabricate flexible devices. The donor and acceptor materials in the devices play the crucial role for the photovoltaic performance of the PSCs. In this article, recent progress of the conjugated polymer donor and fullerene acceptor materials is reviewed. Furthermore, the conjugated polymer acceptor materials and D-A double cable polymer photovoltaic materials are also introduced briefly. In the introduction of conjugated donor materials, the emphasis is put in the polythiophene derivatives and benzothiodiazole-containing narrow bandgap D-A copolymers.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Conjugated polymer photovoltaic donor materials
2.1 PPV derivatives
2.2 Polythiophene derivatives
2.3 Narrow bandgap D-A copolymers
3 Photovoltaic acceptor materials
3.1 Soluble fullerene derivatives acceptor materials
3.2 Conjugated polymer photovoltaic acceptor materials
4 Donor-acceptor double cable conjugated polymer photovoltaic materials
4.1 D-A double cable polythiophene derivatives with fullerene units on its side chains
4.2 D-A double cable polythiophene derivatives with organic acceptor units on its side chains
5 Summary and prospects

As a part of clean energy vehicles, fuel cell automobiles have been developed in the past decade. Although tremendous progress has been made, the durability and the cost of the fuel cells are the bottlenecks of the fuel cell vehicles’ commercialization. Material of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is the key issue. The overview of the key materials of PEMFCs, i.e., electrocatalyst, proton exchange membrane and bipolar plate, is given. The hot research topics are analyzed. The key issues of PEMFCs for automobiles operation are electrocatalyst degradation, membrane degradation and bipolar plate corrosion. Possible solutions and prospective of PEMFCs are proposed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Electrocatalysts
3 Proton exchange membranes
4 Bipolar plates
5 Conclusion

Redox flow battery technology is a new electrical energy storage technology with virtues of high efficiency and large scale. It can meet the great demands of promoting the wide application of the renewable resources, pushing the construction of smart grid and achieving the target for energy saving and emission reduction. In this paper, we focus on the introduction to the working principles, characteristics, R&D progress and development trend of the all-vanadium, sodium polysulfide/bromine and zinc/bromine redox flow batteries. Also we discuss other types of flow batteries. Finally, the key problems limiting the technology development are pointed out and the suggestions for future research are given.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 All-vanadium redox flow battery
2.1 Principles and characteristics of all-vanadium redox flow battery
2.2 Progress and trend of all-vanadium redox flow battery
3 Sodium polysulfide/bromine redox flow battery
3.1 Principles and characteristics of sodium polysulfide/bromine redox flow battery
3.2 Progress and trend of sodium polysulfide/bromine redox flow battery
4 Zinc/bromine battery
4.1 Principles and characteristics of zinc/bromine battery
4.2 Progress and trend of zinc/bromine battery
5 Other redox flow batteries
5.1 Fe/Cr redox flow battery
5.2 Vanadium/polyhalid redox flow battery
5.3 New lead acid and zinc/ nickel redox flow batteries
5.4 Mn/V redox flow battery
5.5 Ce/V redox flow battery
5.6 All chromium redox flow battery
5.7 All ruthenium redox flow battery
5.8 Actinide redox flow battery
6 Issues and perspectives

The researches and development of biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas L. are reviewed from the aspects of resource distribution, fruit and Jatropha oil processing technologies in the world. The changes and measures taken for the development of biodiesel industry from Jatropha Curcas L. are also discussed.

Contents
1  Introduction
2  Resource distribution of  Jatropha Curcas L.
3  Jatropha fruits processing and biodiesel producing from Jatropha oil
3.1 Distilling from Jatropha fruits
3.2 Characteristic of Jatropha oil
3.3 Technologies of biodiesel from Jatropha oil
4  Predicament of the development of biodiesel industry from Jatropha Curcas L.
4.1 Breeding
4.2 Diseases and insect pests
4.3 Harvesting
4.4 Species security
4.5 Politics and tax
5  Conclusion

The Chinese salt lake resources are exploiting currently in a large scale along with the development of Chinese economy and the effectively performance of the police of west great development. The paper demonstrates the relative technologies of exploiting salt lake resources in oversea and China, and introduces the developing status of potash, lithium salts and magnesium industry. The paper also proposes some suggests about reasonably exploiting salt lake resources in the light of principles of sustainable development and comprehensive utilization of resources.

Contents
1 New stage of large exploitation of Chinese salt lake's potassium resources
1.1 Demand of potassium
1.2 Status of potassium industry
2 A significant progress in the extraction of lithium from salt lakes
2.1 Demand and production of lithium
2.2 Breakthrough of the extraction of lithium from salt lakes containing high ratio of magnesium resources in Qinghai salt lakes
3.1 A new process for manufacture of anhydrous magnesium chloride from bischofite of salt lakes
3.2 Combination of manufacture of magnesium and chemical engineering of natural gas
4 Comprehensive utilization of resources as the base of exploitation of salt lakes

Magnesium resources in salt lakes in China are of high grade, large reserves and easy exploitation. However, their utilization is lagged behind, affecting the sustainable exploitation and comprehensive utilization of other resources in salt lakes to some extent. In this paper, by considering the characteristics of the magnesium resources in salt lakes in China, the research progress in the preparation and utilization of magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium metal and alloys, magnesium oxychloride cements, and magnesium compound whiskers is reviewed. Some suggestions on the exploitation and comprehensive utilization of the magnesium resources in salt lakes in China are raised.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation and applications of magnesium hydroxide
3 Preparation and applications of magnesium oxide
4 Preparation and applications of magnesium metal and alloys
5 Preparation and applications of magnesium oxychloride cements
6 Preparation and applications of magnesium compound whiskers
7 Conclusion and suggestions

The discovery of antimalarial drug qinghaosu and its derivatives is another milestone in the history of antimalarial drug research right after quinine. It is a significant achievement by Chinese researchers under well-organized collaboration among governmental departments and research institutions in different scientific fields. It is also an exemplary case of utilization of Chinese traditional herbal medicine. With its unique molecular structure and outstanding bio-activities, qinghaosu has been proven as a worthy subject for in-depth studies with profound influence, not only for pharmacy, but also for phytochemistry, biogenetic synthesis and organic synthetic chemistry, chemical biology, etc. A great amount of work has been done in the last 30 years, and a lot more issues to be explored. Researchers need to seize the opportunity and make more achievements.

Contents
1 The discovery of qinghaosu – a great achievement of team cooperation
2 The development of a series of relative disciplines boosted by qinghaosu
3 Conclusion – musing on the discovery of qinghaosu

Conjugated polymers (CPs) are characterized by a delocalized electronic structure. The excitation energy along the whole backbone of CPs transferring to the reporter results in the amplified fluorescence signal, which makes them be used as the optical platforms in highly sensitive chemical and biological sensors. This new technology is receiving more and more research and application interest due to the rapidly increasing demands of clinical diagnosis, environmental analysis and home-land defense. In this review, the mechanism of signal amplification of CPs and their applications in sensitive protein detection are introduced. Furthermore, future research directions for protein detections based on CPs are also presented.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism of signal amplification of CPs
2.1. Conformation transition mechanism
2.2. Fluorescent signal amplification
3 CPs for protein detections
3.1 Protein detection based on conformation transition of CPs
3.2 Protein detection based on fluorescent signal amplification of CPs
4 Conclusion and prospects

Ananlytical chemistry for life science is an interdisciplinary scientific field to develop novel analytical principles, methods and techniques for detecting chemical molecules and providing scientific data and information for life science. Combining electrochemical methods with microarray technology, electrochemical biochips are being accelerated towards integration, throughput, miniaturization, automation. Recent progresses in the development of electrochemical detection methods for DNA arrays and protein arrays as well as aptamer arrays are summarized in this review. In the case of electrochemical DNA arrays, numerous fabrication methods of DNA capture probes for high throughput and focused DNA arrays are presented. Electrochemical detection is focused on voltammetry by using various electrochemical probes or label-free approach. The development of arrayed electrodes immobilized with antibodies and aptamers is also discussed, in which voltammetry and electrochemical impedance measurements have been used to assay multiplexed protein targets.

Contents
1 Electrochemical detection for DNA chips
1.1 Focused DNA chips
1.2 High throughput DNA chips
2 Electrochemical detection for protein array chips
2.1 Enzyme arrayed electrodes
2.2 Electrochemical multiplex measurement for proteins
3 Aptamer arrays

As an indispensable technique in the context of systems biology, metabonomics/metabolomics has been proposed for over ten years and has become the focus of life sciences in the fields of drug development, healthy and plant research. Metabonomics/metabolomics aims at the downstream molecules (metabolites) of metabolism to reveal the phenomenon and mechanisms of lives by means of combination of analytical chemistry and bioinformatics. This review focuses on the currently new advances of separation sciences including gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis in metabonomics/metabolomics as well as its applications in medicine, drug discovery and development, plant and microbe related fields, especially in the authors’ laboratory.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Separation sciences in metabonomics
2.1 Gas chromatography
2.2 Liquid chromatography
2.3 Capillary electrophoresis
3 Perspectives

Biochip is one of the most breakthrough technologies developed in the recent twenty years. In this review we first introduce the planar DNA and protein microarrays, then focus on the newly developed high technologies of SELDI (surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization) biochip, high throughput DNA sequencing, high throughput photonic crystal micro-bead bio-coding, three dimensional gel-pad biochip, and microfluidic biochip. We describe the advantages of each type of biochips, limits of its applications, and challenges to be solved. The future of biochip technologies will be prosperous.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 DNA microarray
2.1 Introduction of DNA miroarray
2.2 Preparation of DNA Microarray
3 Protein microarray
3.1 Introduction of protein microarray
3.2 Preparation of protein microarray
4 Biochip read-out mechanism
4.1 Fluorescence
4.2 Mass spectroscopy
4.3 Electrical read-out mechanism
5 SELDI mass protein biochip
6 High throughput DNA sequencing
7 High throughput photonic crystal micro-bead bio-coding
8 Three dimensional biochip
8.1 3-D gel-pad microarray
8.2 3-D porous silicon biochip
9 Microfluidic biochip
10 Outlook

In recent years, peptide self-assembly has gradually become a hot issue in the fields of materal and biological sciences due to its structure diversity and bright perspective applications in these fields. We summarize the progress in the peptide self-assembly studies and introduce varied morphology formed by peptide self-assembly. Simultaneously, the mechanism and influencing factors of the peptide self-assembly are also discussed.

Contents
1 Mechanisms and conformational changes in peptide self-assembly
2 The structure diversity of peptide self-assembly
2.1 Membrane structures
2.2 Nanotubes, nanovesicles and nanowires
2.3 Nanofibers and hydrogels
2.4 Co-assembly between peptides and other molecules
3 The influencing factors of peptide self-assembly
3.1 pH and ionic strength
3.2 Temperature
3.3 Peptide structures

Chemical additive in food is a synthetic food additive produced by chemical method. This article reviews the reasons to produce and use chemical additives in food, points out that chemical additive is used as supplement of natural material, and then outlines nature and function of chemical synthetic food additive. The procedure and means of safety assessment for food additive before accessing to market proposed by JECFA, America, European Union and china is also introduced. The supervisory agency, legal ground and quality standard of America, European Union and china are mentioned in this review. This review indicates the summary of main influencing factor for chemical additives in food. Finally, the article proposes how to improve the risk controlling system, and gives some suggestions on safeguarding food security effectively.

Contents
1 General overview of Chemical additives in foods
2 Functions of chemical additives in foods
3 Risk control of chemical additives in foods
3.1 Safety assessment for additives before accessing to market
3.2 After service food additives management
4 Main influencing factors for risk control
5 Conclusion

Carbon nanotubes are one-dimensional materials with hollow structures, the diameters of which are usually in the range of ~1 nanometer to several tens of nanometers. Carbon nanotubes can be used as “nano containers” to encapsulate guest molecules in their inteior nano space. Because of spatial confinement effect of carbon nanotube walls, the encapsulated materials exhibit peculiar structures and properties. In this review, we introduce the methods for filling carbon nanotubes and discuss the structures, phase transitions, stabilities and vibrational properties of the encapsulated materials as well as chemical reactions inside carbon nanotubes. The future directions for research in this field are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Methods of filling carbon nanotubes
2.1 In situ filling
2.2 Gas method
2.3 Liquid method
3 Structure and properties of the encapsulated materials
3.1 Structure and phase transition of the encapsulated materials
3.2 Stability of the encapsulated materials
3.3 Vibrational properties of the encapsulated materials
3.4 Chemical reactions inside carbon nanotubes
4 Conclusion and perspectives

Tribochemistry is defined as the reaction induced by mechanical energy. The physical or chemical reaction would be happened at the interface when two contact surfaces sliding against each other. The tribochemistry reaction of the lubricants in the service process has positive or negative impact to their properties. It is valuable through probing the tribochemistry reaction mechanism, the structure and composition of reaction products to understand the failure mechanism and the theory of property regulation of lubricants . Aiming at main kinds of lubricants including oil additives, nanoparticles additives, ionic liquids, rare earth, ceramics, diamond like carbon films, organic thin films, and polymers, the studies on the tribochemistry of the lubricants in the last few decades are reviewed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Tribochemistry of oil additives
3 Tribochemistry of nanoparticle additives
4 The structure and tribology of ionic liquids
5 Tribochemistry of rare earth
6 Tribochemistry of ceramics
7 Tribochemistry of diamond-like carbon films
8 Molecular structures and tribology of organic thin films
9 Tribochemistry of polymers

The rational design and preparation of metal-organic coordination polymers with specific network structures and physicochemical properties by using the experience and method of crystal engineering has currently been a hot research topic in coordination chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, material chemistry and other related areas. As a new type of molecular-based crystalline material, coordination polymers (especially microporous coordination polymers) have displayed potential applications in many aspects such as guest exchange/separation, gas storage, chiral resolution, drug release, electroluminescence, selective catalysis, molecular recognition, and microporous devices. In this paper, the recent progress of such advanced multifunctional crystalline materials and their applications in adsorption, catalysis as well as optics, electrics, and magnetism are briefly reviewed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Multifunctional coordination polymers
3 Conclusion and perspectives

As a novel class of green functional materials and benign solvents with unique properties, ionic liquids (ILs) have been attracted increasing attention. It is indispensable to understand the structure-property relationships of ILs from the viewpoints of multiscale. To bridge the electronic, atomistic/molecular and mesoscopic scales across several orders-of-magnitude in length and time, the molecular simulation are performed on the way. The multiscale structures of ILs have been studied and analyzed by using the computational chemistry. Quantum mechanics (QM), molecular dynamics (MD), Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches and experimental measures have been performed to validate and support the quantitative structure-property relationships of ILs. On the above basic, the more and more applications of ionic liquids in process engineering, energy sources, environments and materials are expected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structure-property relationships of ILs
2.1 Structure-property rules of ILs
2.2 Multiscale structures of ILs
3 Applications of ILs
3.1 Applications in petrochemistry engineering
3.2 Applications in energy sources
3.3 Applications in environments
3.4 Applications in materials
4 Perspectives

A new hydrogenation technology for caprolactam purification using amorphous Ni alloy catalyst and magnetically stabilized bed reactor has been developed by Sinopec. It shows significant advantages in industrial applications. Encouraged by this progress, a series of magnetic catalysts with both high catalytic activity and magnetic properties have been investigated, including amorphous metal alloy, metal oxides, bimetallic catalyst with magnetic metal oxide support and polymer magnetic catalytic materials. They have either metal active sites or proton active sites. Following reactions with these magnetic catalysts in magnetically stabilized reactor are evaluated: (1) hydrogenation of carbon monoxide for removing CO from hydrogen, (2) selective hydrogenation of alkynes in the olefins which are produced from hydrocarbon steam cracking for forming ethylene, (3) olefins oligomerization to produce diesel, (4) magnetic cation resin and isobutene ethterification. Above researches are reviewed in this article. The future development on magnetic catalysts and magnetic stabilized bed reactor is also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Magnetically stabilized bed reactor
3 Magnetic catalysts
4 Amorphous Ni alloy catalyst and magnetically stabilized bed reactor
4.1 Amorphous alloy
4.2 Amorphous Ni alloy hydrogenation catalysts
4.3 Process intensification of amorphous Ni alloy and magnetically stabilized bed reactor
5 Magnetic catalysts and magnetically stabilized bed reactor
5.1 Selective hydrogenation of acetylene over a magnetic core-shell Pd catalyst in a magnetically stabilized bed
5.2 Olefins oligomerization over magnetic oxide catalysts in a magnetically stabilized bed
5.3 Etherification over magnetic sulfonic acid resin in a magnetically stabilized bed
6 Prospects