Progress in Chemistry

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Developing Biorefinery by Utilizing Agriculture and Forestry Biomass Resources:Striding Forward

Enze Min^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 131-141.

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Enze Min^*. Developing Biorefinery by Utilizing Agriculture and Forestry Biomass Resources:Striding Forward[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 131-141.

The biorefinery proposed by U.S. companies based on corn and waste biomass is first reviewed,and then two types of biorefinery suitable for China's biomass resources and presnet production technologies are presented.With sorgo and cassava as raw materials,an ethanol-biorefinery for production of ethanol-gasoline and chemicals is explored，and with rape seed and cotton seed oil as raw material,a biodiesel-biorefinery with production of chemicals is also explored.The associated problems and measures taken are discussed.

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Dynamical Size Effect in Mesoscopic Chemical Reaction Systems^*

Zhonghuai Hou,Houwen Xin^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 142-158.

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Zhonghuai Hou,Houwen Xin^**. Dynamical Size Effect in Mesoscopic Chemical Reaction Systems^*[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 142-158.

The effect of internal noise on mesoscopic chemical dynamics is studied using stochastic simulation and hemical Langevin equations, with special focus on surface catalytic systems and life systems. It is found that internal noise can induce chemical oscillations, in a parameter region subthreshold to deterministic oscillatory dynamics. Specifically, the strength of the noise induced oscillation undergoes one or multiple maxima with the variation of the system size or number of total molecules, and the maximum values can be considerably enhanced when the dynamical elements are coupled together. Such phenomena demonstrate a possible new mechanism of size effect in mesoscopic chemical systems.
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Base Metal Catalysts in Carbon Monoxide Oxidation^*

Xiucheng Zheng^1,2,Xiangyu Wang²,Lihua Yu¹,Shurong Wang¹,Shihua Wu^1**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 159-167.

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Xiucheng Zheng^1,2,Xiangyu Wang²,Lihua Yu¹,Shurong Wang¹,Shihua Wu^1**. Base Metal Catalysts in Carbon Monoxide Oxidation^*[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 159-167.

The base metal catalysts for CO oxidation have broadened the application of the base metals. Furthermore, these studies have been performing for promising processes in the development of non-precious metal catalysts to replace noble metal catalysts for CO oxidation as an attractive subject of catalysis. The latest progress in the research of the base metal catalysts including copper and cobalt for CO oxidation has been reviewed.
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Photocatalysis of Nonmetal Modified TiO₂ Induced by Visible Light

Zhongqing Liu, Changchun Ge^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 168-175.

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Zhongqing Liu, Changchun Ge^*. Photocatalysis of Nonmetal Modified TiO₂ Induced by Visible Light[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 168-175.

The methods of doped-metal used to be introduced in modifying titania to broaden the region of photo-response and enhance photo-activity. Large numbers of investigations have indicated that doped-metal tend to suffer from loss of its photo-activity in UV light. Whereas doped-nonmetal can not only broaden region of photo-response to visible light but also maintain photo-activity in UV light, and show promising foreground in utilizing sun light. The latest research progress of photocatalysis in modifying titania with nonmetal N, C, S and F etc. is reviewed in this paper.
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Progress in a New Type of Plastic Organic Solar Cell

Tingli Ma^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 176-181.

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Tingli Ma^*. Progress in a New Type of Plastic Organic Solar Cell[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 176-181.

Dye-sensitized nanocrystalline electrochemical solar cell (DSC) is a new type of photoelectric cells. It is considered that DSC is a credible alternative to silicon photovoltaic device. This paper introduces the progress of the studies on plastic DSC. Four methods for fabrication of the TiO₂ electrodes under low temperature compression, hydrothermal synthesis，microwave irradiation and electrophoretic deposition, are described. The performances of the solar cell based on plastic substrate counter electrodes are reviewed.The tendency and prospects of the organic solar cell are presented.
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The Ordering Microstructure and Carriers Transportation in Activated Layers of Organic Photovoltaic Cell^*

Wei Feng^**,Yiyu Feng

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 182-188.

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Wei Feng^**,Yiyu Feng. The Ordering Microstructure and Carriers Transportation in Activated Layers of Organic Photovoltaic Cell^*[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 182-188.

Based on analyzing the mechanism of the charge carriers generation and transportation in the organic photovoltaic cells, advanced methods to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) in the aspect of the microstructure of activated layer are introduced. A series of effective solutions to enhance the PCE of the organic photovoltaic cells are summarized, which may offer a promising prospect in the future work.
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Organic Single-Crystal Field-Effect Transistors

Yaling Liu,Hongxiang Li,Wenping Hu^*,Daoben Zhu^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 189-199.

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Yaling Liu,Hongxiang Li,Wenping Hu^*,Daoben Zhu^*. Organic Single-Crystal Field-Effect Transistors[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 189-199.

In order to investigate the intrinsic electronic properties of organic semiconductors, it is important to study organic single-crystal field-effect transistors. In recent years, organic single-crystal field-effect transistors have been improved greatly, not only in the technology of fabrication but also in the performance of the devices. These improvements make them attract great attention and become an important research direction of field-effect transistors. In this paper, we mainly introduce the growth methods of single crystals, various techniques for device fabrication, mobilities of these devices and influence factors. In addition, the prospect and problems of organic single-crystal transistors are discussed.
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Progress of Research on Hydrogen Storage^*

Wei Xu,Zhanliang Tao,Jun Chen ^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 200-210.

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Wei Xu,Zhanliang Tao,Jun Chen ^**. Progress of Research on Hydrogen Storage^*[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 200-210.

Hydrogen energy is one of the most important new energies in the 21st century. As a new type of the clean energy, low cost hydrogen-production, safe and high-efficient storage and transport, and large-scale utilization techniques have been received much attention. Hydrogen storage technology is the linchpin in hydrogen application. Hydrogen storage materials, which are important carriers during hydrogen storage and transport, can absorb and desorb hydrogen reversibly. In this paper, most used or under-research hydrogen storage materials and technologies such as high-pressure gas storage, low-temperature liquid storage, metal hydrides, chemical hydrides, adsorption/absorption of hydrogen, and metal-organic-frameworks (MOF) are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of vaious hydrogen storage technologies are compared. The trend of the hydrogen storage technology is also introduced.
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Research of the Film Materials Containing Polyoxometalates

Huiyuan Ma ^1,2**,Wei Zhang², Tao Dong²,Fuping Wang^1**,Jun Peng³,Xiaodan Wang²

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 211-220.

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Huiyuan Ma ^1,2**,Wei Zhang², Tao Dong²,Fuping Wang^1**,Jun Peng³,Xiaodan Wang². Research of the Film Materials Containing Polyoxometalates[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 211-220.

The studies on the thin films containing polyoxometalates have drawn more and more attention owing to their potential applications in luminescence, photochromism, magnetism, electrics and catalysis. The research situation and new progress of the film materials containing polyoxometalates are reviewed, and the preparation, types and properties of the thin film with polyoxometalate are discussed in this paper. Moreover, the future development about the thin films containing polyoxometalates is prospected.
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Research Progress of ZSM-5 Zeolite Membranes

Yue Cheng^1,2, Jiansheng Li ²,Lianjun Wang^2**, Xiuyun Sun² ,

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 221-229.

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Yue Cheng^1,2, Jiansheng Li ²,Lianjun Wang^2**, Xiuyun Sun² ,. Research Progress of ZSM-5 Zeolite Membranes[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 221-229.

The main synthesize methods and research situation of zeolite membranes are analyzed in this paper. The defects and modification of ZSM-5 zeolite membrane, as well as the characterization of ZSM-5 zeolite membranes with XRD、SEM、TEM and single gas permeance measurements are summarized. The application and further research on ZSM-5 zeolite membrane are prospected.
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Palladium-Based Composite Membranes： Principle, Preparation and Characterization

Yan Huang^**,Xue Li,Yiqun Fan,Nanping Xu

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 230-237.

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Yan Huang^**,Xue Li,Yiqun Fan,Nanping Xu. Palladium-Based Composite Membranes： Principle, Preparation and Characterization[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 230-237.

Owing to their perfect hydrogen permeability and thermostability, palladium and palladium alloy membranes have been used as hydrogen separator and purifiers, and they can serve as membrane reactors for reactions such as dehydrogenation and hydrogen production, which integrates the reaction with separation and enhances the conversion and selectivity. The principle, preparation and characterization of the palladiumbased composite membranes are reviewed, and a novel photocatalytic deposition technique in our research group is highlighted for membrane preparation.
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The Surface Modification of Silica with APTS

Gang Wang,Feng Yan,Zhaogang Teng,Wensheng Yang^**,Tiejin Li

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 238-245.

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Gang Wang,Feng Yan,Zhaogang Teng,Wensheng Yang^**,Tiejin Li. The Surface Modification of Silica with APTS[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 238-245.

Silica modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilanes (APTS) has been widely used in the fields of biochemistry, analytical chemistry, catalyst technology and electronics, etc. In this review we summarize the recent progress on chemical modification of silica with APTS. The typical strategies for APTS modification and the characterization methods for the APTS layers on silica surface are introduced, and the controllability of the different methods for surface APTS modification of silica, the structure and stability of the surface APTS layers are discussed.
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Recent Progress on TV-Liquid Crystal Materials

Xinbing Chen,Zhongwei An^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 246-251.

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Xinbing Chen,Zhongwei An^*. Recent Progress on TV-Liquid Crystal Materials[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 246-251.

Liquid crystal display for television is a promising flat panel display that can compete with CRTs because of its perfect picture quality. Recent progress of key liquid crystal materials used in television is discussed. The synthesis routes and the properties of the liquid crystals such as thermal properties, dielectric anisotropy, birefringence and rotational viscosities are introduced.
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Synthesis and Applications of Rhodamine Fluorescent Dyes

Fanyong Yan¹, Ligong Chen^1*, Xilong Yan¹, Fengyan Ge¹, Erhong Duan²

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 252-261.

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Fanyong Yan¹, Ligong Chen^1*, Xilong Yan¹, Fengyan Ge¹, Erhong Duan². Synthesis and Applications of Rhodamine Fluorescent Dyes[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 252-261.

The recent progress in the studies on rhodamines is reviewed. The structure, design idea, synthesis, effects and applications of rhodamines are discussed in detail.
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New Development of Coupling Reagents for Hindered Peptide

Liqin Jiang,Ligong Chen^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 262-269.

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Liqin Jiang,Ligong Chen^*. New Development of Coupling Reagents for Hindered Peptide[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 262-269.

Recent development of coupling reagents and methods for hindered peptide containing N-alkylated or Cα，Cα-disubstituted amino acid residues is reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of these coupling reagents and methods are discussed.
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Organic Reaction Catalyzed by Molecular Iodine

Zhanhui Zhang^1,2, Qingbin Liu^1**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 270-280.

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Zhanhui Zhang^1,2, Qingbin Liu^1**. Organic Reaction Catalyzed by Molecular Iodine[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 270-280.

From a viewpoint of organic synthesis chemistry, the recent development and applications of molecular iodine as a catalyst in organic reactions including the formation and cleavage of common protecting groups, oxidation, reduction, cyclization, addition, substitution and rearrangement are reviewed.
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Syntheses, Self-Assembly and Applications of Arylene-Ethynylene Macrocycles

Yanyan Wang,Zhun Ma,Quli Fan,Wei Huang^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 281-289.

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Yanyan Wang,Zhun Ma,Quli Fan,Wei Huang^**. Syntheses, Self-Assembly and Applications of Arylene-Ethynylene Macrocycles[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 281-289.

Macrocycles composed of arylene and ethynylene units (AEMs) have attracted great interest in recent years, due to their novel properties and potential applications. The advances in syntheses of AEMs, including different cyclization methods, solid-phase synthesis, template synthesis and aggregation driven cyclization are summarized. The progress that has been achieved for self-assembly of AEMs and its applications in supramolecule chemistry, including threedimensional nanostructures, discotic liquid crystals, extended tubular channels, guesthost complexes and porous organic solids, is also reviewed.
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Stabilization and Its Mechanisms of the Metal Nanoparticles/Polymer Systems

Qiang Yang¹, Li Wang^1**, Weidong Xiang², Chiliang Wang¹, Junfeng Zhou¹

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 290-297.

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Qiang Yang¹, Li Wang^1**, Weidong Xiang², Chiliang Wang¹, Junfeng Zhou¹. Stabilization and Its Mechanisms of the Metal Nanoparticles/Polymer Systems[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 290-297.

Metal nanoparticles exhibit unique thermal, electronic, magnetic and optical properties because of the small sizes, large specific surface characteristics and the aggregative trend. Whether metal nanoparticles can be stabilized in nano scale is the key for them to exhibit unique properties. The progress in stabilizations and stabilization mechanisms of the metal nanoparticles by nonionic polymers, polyelectrolytes, amphiphilic polymers, double-hydrophilic polymers, and dendrimers is reviewed.
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Progress of Photochromic Polymers

Jianying Wang^1,2,Changgen Feng^1**, Wenxiang Hu²

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 298-307.

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Jianying Wang^1,2,Changgen Feng^1**, Wenxiang Hu². Progress of Photochromic Polymers[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 298-307.

In recent years, the design and synthesis of photochromic polymers for their potential optical applications, such as data storage, photooptical switches and display devices have been developed. Nine kinds of familiar photochromic polymers, such as spiropyrans, spirooxazines, diarylethene, azobenzene, phenoxy naphthacenequinone, fulgimide, thioindigo, dithizonate and dihydroindolizine, have been briefly reviewed. The emphases on future R&D of the photochromic polymers including improving the concentration of photochromic molecules, the application of spacer units, avoiding gelification of polymer, seeking much convenient synthetic routes and incorporating other functional groups are presented.
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Supramolecular Polymers Formed Through Hydrogen-Bonded Noncovalent Interactions

Yujiang Wang,Liming Tang ^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 308-315.

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Yujiang Wang,Liming Tang ^*. Supramolecular Polymers Formed Through Hydrogen-Bonded Noncovalent Interactions[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 308-315.

Supramolecular polymers formed through noncovalent interactions have attracted great attention recently due to their special structures and properties. The supramolecular chemistry, hydrogen bond and supramolecular polymers are introduced. Supramolecular polymers formed by different hydrogenbonded systems, including multiplehydrogenbonded interactions, hydrogen bond formed from carboxylic acids and pyridines, and multiple interactions including hydrogen bond and other noncovalent bond, are reviewed in detail. The research status quo and the perspective of supramolecular polymers are discussed.
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Study of Dendrimers as Supports for Organic Synthesis

Liwen Zhao^1,2,Qinghua Fan^2**, Haifeng Zhou^1,2, Yanmei He², Lianquan Gu¹, Albert S C Chan^3**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 316-329.

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Liwen Zhao^1,2,Qinghua Fan^2**, Haifeng Zhou^1,2, Yanmei He², Lianquan Gu¹, Albert S C Chan^3**. Study of Dendrimers as Supports for Organic Synthesis[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 316-329.

During recent 20 years, dendrimers have drawn great attention because of their unique highly branched structures. A promising application of dendrimers is that they can be used as high-loading supports for organic synthesis and catalysis. In this review, dendrimer supports and hybrids of these with solid-phase resins are described, focusing on the special features of high-loading dendritic architectures, applications in organic synthesis as well as catalysis.
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Chinese Herb Medicines Analyses by Capillary Electrophoresis with Amperometric Detection

Xiaoguang Zhou,Tianyan You^*,Erkang Wang ^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 330-336.

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Xiaoguang Zhou,Tianyan You^*,Erkang Wang ^*. Chinese Herb Medicines Analyses by Capillary Electrophoresis with Amperometric Detection[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 330-336.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with amperometric detection (AD) has been widely used in various fields of analytical science, especially in the pharmaceutical industry recently due to its high separation efficiency and low detection limit.The determination of active ingredients in Chinese herb medicines by CE-AD is of great importance in developing the researches on pharmacology of herbs, quantitative analysis and quality control. Analyses of the effective components in Chinese herb medicines and compound Chinese herb medicine by CE-AD are reviewed in this paper. In contrast with other analysis methods, the advantage of CE-AD is discussed. The development in analyses of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) by CE-AD in future is mentioned.
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Quantum Dots：The New Development of FRET

Lingzhi Liu,Zhihong Liu^*, Zhike He,Ruxiu Cai

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 337-343.

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Lingzhi Liu,Zhihong Liu^*, Zhike He,Ruxiu Cai. Quantum Dots：The New Development of FRET[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 337-343.

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer ( FRET) has broad applications in the study of the interactions of biological macromolecules, immunoassay, nucleic acid detection and so on. However many organic dyes conventionally used in FRET have functional limitations such as low resistance to photobleaching, narrow excitation bands coupled with broad emission bands, all of which have limited the development and the application of FRET. Therefore new pairs of energy donor and acceptor are needed. Because of the advantages over organic dyes,quantum dots (QDs) have expanded the range of FRET and have been considered as new and significant development trend of FRET nowadays. The theory of FRET and the applications of QDs in FRET are reviewed in this article.
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Bioseparation and Bioanalysis Based on Magnetophoresis

Jinjing Che, Qianhong Wan^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 344-348.

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Jinjing Che, Qianhong Wan^**. Bioseparation and Bioanalysis Based on Magnetophoresis[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 344-348.

Magnetically induced migration of particles in liquid, also known as magnetophoresis, is an effective approach for selective separation of bioparticles such as cells and large nucleic acids. The principle of magnetophoresis is introduced based on the balance between magnetic and drag forces acting on a magnetically responsible particles in liquid. Three magnetophoretic separation methods including magnetic split-flow thin fractionation, quadrupole magnetic flow sorting and on-chip free-flow fractionation are described with emphasis on device structure, operation principle and application in bioanalysis and bioseparation.
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Directed Evolution of Enzymes in vitro and the Application in the Synthesis of Chiral Organic Compounds

Rong Kong,Lixi Niu,Jingming Yuan ^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 349-354.

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Rong Kong,Lixi Niu,Jingming Yuan ^**. Directed Evolution of Enzymes in vitro and the Application in the Synthesis of Chiral Organic Compounds[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 349-354.

The directed evolution technique, an effective method to improve the catalytic activity of enzymes and the basic principle such as error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling as well as some derivative techniques are reviewed. In addition, several successful examples in the synthesis of chiral organic compounds using directed evolution technique are also described.
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Recent Advances in the Research of γ-Secretase Inhibitors

Hao Yan,Fengchao Jiang^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2006, 18(0203): 355-361.

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Hao Yan,Fengchao Jiang^*. Recent Advances in the Research of γ-Secretase Inhibitors[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2006, 18(0203): 355-361.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly. The current hypothesis for the cause of this disease is that it is the result of aberrant production of -amyloid (Aβ) and plaque deposition in the brain. Aβ42, less soluble and forming the major component of the amyloid plaques, is generated via the cleavage of β-amyloid protein precursor (β-APP) by γ-secretase, a key enzyme in the production of Aβ. Therefore γ-secretase is potential target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review focuses on the studies of the formation of Aβand the biology of γ-secretase, and the development of γ-secretase inhibitors.

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