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Progress in Chemistry 2008, No.01 Previous issue Next issue

In this issue:

Invited Article
Click Chemistry - Definition and Aims

M.G.Finn|Hartmuth C. Kolb|Valery V. Fokin|K.Barry Sharpless(author)|Zhang Xinhao|Wu Yundong(translator)*

2008, 20 (01): 1-5 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
Ionic Liquids in Green Chemistry: Today's Solvent or Tomorrow's Solution?
Kou Yuan** |He Ling
2008, 20 (01): 6-10 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
The recent rapid progress in research on ionic liquids has undoubtedly been stimulated by the rise of green chemistry. The authors' work over the last eight years on ionic liquid-related green chemistry, especially in the areas of synthesis and reactivity, has been reviewed in this Account. Four promising themes have been identified: ionic liquids afford an alternative to the traditional concepts of solid support and organic template, a new approach to liquid phase reactions, novel methods of phase separation, and pushing forword the developments in other areas of green chemistry.
Review
Molecular Ligands in the Preparation and Surface Modification of Gold Nanocrystals
Song Xiangning|Ji Xiaohui |Li Jun|Yang Wensheng**
2008, 20 (01): 11-18 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
Ligand molecules play vitally important roles in the syntheses and surface functionalization of nanocrystals. In this review, the recent research developments of the common molecular ligand, such as citrate, thiols, surfactants, dendrimers and biomolecules used in the preparation and surface modification of gold nanocrystals are summarized. The effect of the different ligands on tuning the size, morphology and surface properties of gold nanocrystals is introduced and future trends in this research area are prospected.
Solid-phase Photocatalytic Degradation of Plastic with TiO2 as Photocatalyst
Fa Wenjun|Zan Ling**|Gong Chuqing|Zhong Jiacheng
2008, 20 (01): 19-25 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
The latest research progress in solid-phase photocatalytic degradation of plastic with TiO2 as photocatalyst is reviewed. Solid-phase photocatalytic degradation of the TiO2-polymer composite films was also investigated and analyzed. Some new methods such as modifying TiO2 by branched macromolecules were used to solve the dispersion of TiO2 in polymer. Modifying TiO2 by dye sensitizing or ion-doping was used to broaden the region of photo-response and enhance the visible light activity. The problems about the preparation and degradation of the TiO2-polymer composite films were discussed. The TiO2-polymer composites provide a promising way to solve the white pollution problem.
Ordered Mesoporous Silica/Polyaniline Composites
Zeng Chunmei|Han Shuhua**, Yan Xin |Yu Xiaojuan|Che Hongwei|Zhao Xiaohong
2008, 20 (01): 26-32 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
The research progress of ordered mesoporous silica/polyaniline composites are reviewed in this article from the day it appeared to now. The synthesis routes, such as the gas-phase method, the liquid-phase method, the one-step synthesis method and the related template-monomer in situ synthesis method etc., are introduced. Polyaniline, which is polymerized in the mesoporous channels by the filling of aniline monomers, is joined with mesoporous silica to synthsize the composites of mesoporous silica and polyaniline. Compared with bulk polyaniline, the structure and morphologies of the composites, and the structure and electrical properties of polyaniline in the mesoporous channels have greatly changed after formation of composites. The single molecular wire of polyaniline, which is templated by the ordered mesoporous silica, has potential application in the next-generation electronic or optoelectronic materials. Moreover, the composites for its unique properties can be used in various fields, involving polymer electrolyte membrane for fuel cell, humidity sensor, electrorheological material, and electrochemical capacitor.
Preparation and Characterization of Organo-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica
Zhang Yiping1,2**|Zhou Chunhui1|Wang Xuejie2|Yang Tong2|Xu Yuzhan2
2008, 20 (01): 33-41 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
Organo-functionalized mesoporous silica has great potentials in practical applications such as catalysis, adsorption and separation, biochemistry and electronics. This review gives an overview of the recent progress of the functionalization of mesoporous silica. Its preparation, classification and characterization methods are introduced, and its potential application is highlighted. Organo-functionalized mesoporous silica can be prepared by the methods of grafting, co-condensation, periodic mesoporous organosilicas and self-templating, and it can be characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, TEM, FT-IR, TGA, EA and 29Si, 13C CP/MAS NMR.
Porous Carbide Derived Carbon
Dai Chunling|Wang Xianyou**|Hang Qinghua|Li Jun
2008, 20 (01): 42-47 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
Carbide derived carbon is a new kind of porous skeleton carbon material. Carbide derived carbon was produced by selective extraction of metal atoms from a carbide crystal lattice by halogens, supercritical water, oxygen at a low partial pressure, or other etchants, or in vacuum and temperature at 150-1650℃. Its nanostructure can be controlled at atom level with the advantage of low cost, high specific surface area, narrower pore-size distribution and fine-tuning of the pore structure. This paper summarizes the preparation technology and porosity, specific surface area, pore size distribution of carbide derived carbon from different carbides and introduces its application in gas-storage, supercapacitor and carbon coating in tribology.
Preparation and Modification of One-Dimensional Metal Oxides
Zhu Baolin|Li Kairong|Zhang Shoumin|Wu Shihua |Huang Weiping**
2008, 20 (01): 48-53 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
Considerable attention has been addressed on one-dimensional metal oxides because of their unique structure and properties. Performances of the one-dimensional materials can be improved by further modification via loading, impregnation or coating method. In this review, some applications and preparation technologies of one-dimensional metal oxides are reviewed. Synthetic strategies and current progress in the modification is also commented.
Amorphous Calcium Carbonate in Biomineralization
Xu Xurong|Cai Anhua|Liu Rui|Pan Haihua|Tang Ruikang**
2008, 20 (01): 54-59 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
The structure, synthesis and characterization of amorphous calcium carbonate and the important precursor of biomineralization are introduced. The amorphous phase is thermodynamically metastable. However, its stability and transformation into the crystallized calcium carbonates can be regulated by additives, e.g. functional polymer, protein, and inorganic ions etc. Since the amorphous calcium carbonate has the relatively high solubility and isotropy, its involvements in biomineralization can uniquely lead into the desired structure of crystallized calcium carbonate, which is another important feature of the biominerals in nature. The studies of amorphous calcium carbonate can improve our understanding of the mechanisms of biomineralization and they can also provide another improved strategy for the biomimetic preparations of functional materials.
Application of Microfluidic Reactors on Synthesis Reactions
Mu Jinxia|Yin Xuefeng*
2008, 20 (01): 60-75 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
Microfluidics is the technology that processes or manipulates small (10–9 to 10–18 litres) amounts of fluids using channels with dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometres. Microfluidic reactors have a number of advantages over conventional chemical laboratory batch methodologies, such as short molecular diffusion distance, large specific surface area, high mass and heat transfer capacity, which will be expected to promote highly effective chemical reactions in the microfluidic reactor. The main features of microfluidic reactors, the method to drive liquid through the microchannels and the method for mixing liquids in microchennels are summarized in this review. Subsequently, the effects of downscaling reaction vessels as well as the advantages of the continuous flow microfluidic approach are illustrated by a number of examples of organic reactions carried out in microfluidic devices, including liquid- liquid miscible fluid reaction, catalytic reaction, phase transfer reaction and strongly exothermic or endothermic organic synthesis. The development of microfludic reactors is not only of great significance for optimizing many synthetic procedures, but also helpful for improving related chemical industry processes.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reaction
Ma Jingjun1 Li Ning1,2 Wu Qiuhua1 Zhou Xin1 Zang Xiaohuan1 Wang Chun1**
2008, 20 (01): 76-86 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
Organocatalytic asymmetric reaction is an increasingly active area in organic synthesis. Asymmetric Mannich reaction is a powerful tool for the synthesis of β-amino-carbonyl compounds. The reported organocatalyst for asymmetric Mannich reaction include proline derivatives, chiral phosphoric acids, chiral (thio)urea derivatives, cinchona alkaloids and so on, which can catalyze the asymmetric Mannich reaction with high catalytic activity and excellent enantiselectivity. The applications of various organocatalysts in asymmetric Mannich reaction are reviewed in this paper. The reaction mechanism, catalytic activity and the asymmetric induction influenced by the structure of organocatalysts and the reaction condition also discussed.
Progress in Cyclophane Based on Bipyridinium
Xi Haitao1,2 |Sun Xiaoqiang2**|Meng Qi2|Pan Yi1|Hu Hongwen1
2008, 20 (01): 87-97 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
The recent developments of Cyclophanes based on 4,4'-bipyridinium are reviewed in this paper, and the elegant synthetic strategies followed for their preparation are illustrated. When molecular components become part of a supramolecular structure, their photophysical, photochemical and electrochemical properties undergo the changes. Cyclophanes based on bipyridinium are particularly appealing for the construction of molecular-level machines.
The Structure and Synthesis of Caspase Inhibitors
Zhang Yanqin|Zheng Songzhi|Tao Lan|An Shengji*
2008, 20 (01): 98-104 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
The study on Caspase inhibitors becomes one of the most important tasks in the field of life sciences as Caspase playes a key role in apoptosis. Synthetic Caspase inhibitors mainly include peptide and non-peptide. Peptide is made up of two parts, which are pro-peptide structure and peptide. Non-peptide has not fixed structural model. Its synthesis is usually started from known lead compounds, improving the process of inhibitors, and searching for new effect groups. This paper introduces synthetic methods and structure of common peptide and non-peptide of Caspase inhibitors.
Ordered Microporous Thin Films by Self-assembly
Wang Chengyin|Mao Yindao|Wang Deyan|Hu Xiaoya**
2008, 20 (01): 105-116 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
The progresses in the formation of the ordered microporous by the macromolecular self-assembly are reviewed from the views point of the current development on the formation mechanism based on self-assembly “on-solid surface spreading” method, the materials category, the affecting factors of ordered microporous structures, and the packing modes of the observed arrangement. The application of the microporous films and research prospects in future is also discussed.
Membranes from Sulfonated Block Copolymers for Use in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Feng Shaoguang1 Xie Xiaofeng1**　Shang Yuming1 Jin Hao1 Xu Jingming1 Zhou Qifeng2
2008, 20 (01): 117-125 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
Fuel cells represent a clean alternative to current technologies for utilizing hydrocarbon fuel resources. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have acquired due importance as they are best suited for applications where a quick start up is required such as in automobiles.The prime requirements of fuel cell membranes are high proton conductivity, low methanol/water permeability, good mechanical and thermal　stability and moderate price.To satisfy the requiement of PEMFC, many new proton exchange membranes were developed. This paper reviews recent progress in the development of sulfonated block copolymers membrane materials to replace the perfluorinated sulfonated membrane (e.g.Nafion) for fuel cell applications to improve the performances of fuel cells. Special attention is paid to sulfonated poly(arylene ether), sulfonated polyimide and sulfonated styrene based block copolymers, which have advantageous properties as compared to that of Nafion and analogous random copolymers of the same overall composition. Finally, the development trend of sulfonated block copolymers is prospected.
Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules Prepared by Alginate and Chitosan for Biomedical Application
Liu Xiudong1,2|Yu Weiting1|Wang Wei1|Xiong Ying1|Ma Xiaojun1** |Yuan Quan1
2008, 20 (01): 126-139 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
This review highlights the progress in the structure and chemical properties of natural polysaccharides (alginate and chitosan) including gel formation, biocompatibility, biodegradability and mild reaction ability; preparation technologies of microcapsules (Polyelectrolyte complexation/Polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer self assembly) and the evaluation methods on microcapsule mechanical and permeable properties; microcapsules entrapping cells secreting therapeutics (such as insulin and dopamine) or decomposing toxic metabolites (such as urea) in vivo, microcapsules serving as three-dimensional drug screening systems and microenvironment for the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, microcapsules serving as the drug carriers for controlled release. Finally, the challenge and problem for the development of microcapsules are discussed.
Stimuli-Responsive Deformation of Liquid-Crystalline Elastomers
Xu Wanxian|Yin Ruoyuan|Lin Li|Yu Yanlei**
2008, 20 (01): 140-147 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
There has been considerable effort to develop artificial actuator materials that can generate large mechanical deformation induced by external stimuli. Among these materials, liquid crystalline elastomers have unique properties because of combining the rubber elasticity of the polymer network and the orientational ordering of liquid-crystalline moieties, and show reversible shape-recovery effects with shape memory induced by heat, light, electric field and so on. Here several kinds of stimuli-responsive deformation behavior of liquid-crystalline elastomers are reviewed. The progress on deformable liquid-crystalline elastomers in response to various external stimuli such as temperature, electric field, chemical stimulus, and light is mainly introduced. The mechanism of the deformation including thermal-induced, electric-field-induced and photoinduced phase transition is described, and the dominating influence factors of their responsive performance are discussed. The potential applications of liquid-crystalline elastomers are also prospected.
Carbohydrate Microarrays
2008, 20 (01): 148-154 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract

Carbohydrate microarray is a new kind of promising biological detection technology following the gene microarray , protein2chip and tissue microarray. The efficiency and speed of carbohydrate chemistry research are improved due to the advantages of carbohydrate microarray such as less dosage of samples , higher specificity and high2throughput . This article introduces the preparations of 2D carbohydrate microarray based on covalent immobilization and noncovalent physical adsorption. A novel method of designing 3D gel carbohydrate microarray based on polymerization is also described. The applications of carbohydrate microarray in lectins function research , virus infection , bacteria detection and immunological research are introduced likewise. Finally , the future trend of carbohydrate microarray is also discussed.

Applications of Surface Plasmon Resonance Technique in Gas Sensing
Guo Wenting|Li Xiuli|Wei Tianxin**
2008, 20 (01): 155-162 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
In this paper, the new developments and basic principles of surface plasmon resonance technique are introduced, and its applications in gas sensing are discussed in detail, including toxic, explo-sive and organic gases etc. The sensitivity, selectivity, reversibility, response time, desorption time and repro-ducibility of the measurements can be improved by changing materials of sensing films, designing new de-tecting apparatus, improving methods of fabricating thin films, modifying the thickness of the thin film and so on. Integrating surface plasmon resonance technique with other techniques not only improves sensitivity sig-nificantly，but also enable to perform remote monitoring, particularly combine with optic fiber technique. The influence of environmental factors such as humidity and temperature on the measurements is discussed in detail.
Analyzing the Effect of Carrier on the Microenvironment of Encapsulated Enzyme
Xu Songwei 1*|Zhang Jie1|Yang Zhanping1|Cao Jianhua 1|Ma Xiaolong1|Jiang Zhongyi2
2008, 20 (01): 163-170 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
It is very important to select and design the novel carriers for enzyme encapsulation, especially to create the appropriate microenvironment for encapsulated enzymes in the carriers. The key factors affecting the enzyme microenvironment in the carrier for enzyme encapsulation were analyzed and proposed in this review, including the hydrophilicity, the structure and morphology, and the reactivity of the carriers. Water content in the carrier is determined by its hydrophilicity. The enzyme stability and conformational transitions are impacted by the cage effect formed by the carrier structure and morphology, and by the reactivity of the carriers, such as the activity of covalent linking, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction. Meanwhile, the diffusion properties of substrate/product and the enzyme accessibility are affected by the pore structure and distribution, and by the reactivity of carriers. Then encapsulation processes for normally used carriers are presented, including sol-gel silica, polymer hydrogel and polymer-silica hybrid composite. According to the factors mentioned above, the enzyme loading efficiency, catalytic activities, and stability used the three types of carriers for enzyme encapsulation were analyzed. Also promotions to modify the microenvironment of encapsulated enzymes in the three types of carrier are discussed.
Preparation and Development of Pharmaceutical Microcapsules
Qiao Jichao|Hu Xiaoling*|Guan Ping|Zhao Yamei|Tian Wei
2008, 20 (01): 171-184 |
Published: 24 January 2008
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Abstract
Microcapsule has become one of the high-new technologies mainly studied in 21st century, and has been used widely. In this paper, this review is given about the preparation methods and technical principles of microcapsule, especially the latest development with supercritical fluid technology and solvent evaporation, and the characterization methods and properties of microcapsules are analyzed. The characteristics of rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS), supercritical anti-solvent precipitation (SAS) and particles from gas-saturated solutions (PGSS) are analyzed emphatically. The preparation of drug microcapsules by the solvent evaporation method is reviewed, and the technical principles of solvent evaporation were introduced. The further research trends of microcapsule are also discussed.