Organic micro- and nano-materials is a kind of novel material system, possessing a good many features of traditional bulk organic materials, and exhibiting unique physicochemical characteristics due to size effect. Thus they have attracted more and more attentions in recent years. In comparison with traditional inorganic micro- and nano-materials, organic micro- and nano-materials possesses some merits such as unlimited choice of building blocks, low-cost, ease for large-area fabrication, and they have been applied in organic field-effect transistors, organic photovoltaic solar cells and so on. In this paper, we summarizes recent development of organic micro- and nano-materials. Using the concept of supramolecular chemistry, we discusses molecule design strategy and growth mechanism of organic micro- and nano-materials, and their applications. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Molecular design strategy and synthesis
2.1 π-π interaction
2.2 S-S interaction
2.3 Donor-acceptor interaction
2.4 Hydrophobic interaction
2.5 Hydrogen-bonding interaction
3 Controlled growth and growth mechanism of organic micro- and nano-materials
3.1 Internal factors of the organic micro- and nano-materials growth
3.2 External actors of the organic micro- and nano-materials growth
4 The applications of organic micro- and nano-materials
4.1 Organic field-effect transistors
4.2 Organic photovoltaic solar cells
5 Conclusion and Outlook

Surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC) is an effective route to design and prepare surface metal species with well-defined composition and molecular structure. Synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) technique is currently a powerful tool to characterize geometrical structure of active sites of solid-state catalysts. Their combination provided a method to design and construct in molecular level catalytic active centres, which was established to be one of the important goals in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. This article reviews the recent advancements in construction of single-site active metallic centre in the channels and cages of zeolite molecular sieves by the SOMC method and in characterizing geometrical structure of active sites of heterogeneous catalytic materials with XAFS, the physical fundament, experimental methods, and data analysis of XAFS technique and its merits and demerits in characterization of catalytic materials, the chemical fundament of SOMC. Single-site mononuclear or polynuclear Ti, Cu, and Fe active centers were successfully constructed in molecular level in the channels and cages of zeolite molecular sieves by the SOMC method. Their micro-structures were characterized in detail with XAFS combined other spectroscopic techniques and their catalytic properties were evaluated. The catalytic nature of these metallic centers was elucidated by establishing the inherent relationship among structure, activity, and composition. The study results revealed in molecular level the pyrolysis mechanism of Cu ₂ over the MCM-41 surface, and showed a novel route to prepare CuO, Cu₂O and Cu(0)/MCM-41 materials with well-defined composition and micro-structure, clarifying the hydroxylation mechanism of phenol over copper active sites and the nuclearity-dependent catalytic function of iron-oxo species; based on the binuclear diiron clusters with well-defined structure and composition constructed in molecular level by SOMC, a novel selective catalytic reduction pathway for the iron-catalyzed NO-HC reaction was proposed; a novel concept of “surface photoexcited catalysis model” for Fe, Ti contained zeolite molecular sieve photocatalysts and N-doped TiO₂ visible-light photocatalyst was proposed in terms of the local structure of photoactive species identified clearly by XAFS technique. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Chemical fundament of surface organometallic chemistry 3 Basic fundament of XAFS 3.1 Physical fundament of XAFS 3.2 Data analysis of XAFS 3.3 Main experimental methods of XAFS and its merits and demerits in characterization of catalytic materials 4 Chemical construction and characterization of catalytic active centers of solid-state catalysts 4.1 Molecular construction of photoactive Ti centers on the surface of MCM-41 molecular sieves 4.2 Molecular construction of highly-dispersed copper active centers on the surface of MCM-41 molecular sieves 4.3 Spectroscopic identification of photoactive centers of HZSM-5 zeolite with trace iron impurity 4.4 Molecular construction of iron active centers confined in the supercages of HY zeolite 4.5 Brief summary on the construction of active centers with surface organometallic chemistry 4.6 Identifying the photoactive N species of N-doped TiO₂ visible-iight photocatalyst with NEXAFS 5 Conclusions and outlook

The popularity of ionic liquids has significantly increased over the last decade. Among reported studies on ionic liquids, the preparation and application of supported ionic liquid are of great importance due to the combination of both advabntages of  ionic liquids and those of hetergeneous support materials. The viability of this concept has recently confirmed by many studies which have successfully supported various ionic liquids on the surface of porous silicas and explored their potential applications in various fields. The  preparation of these compostes was mainly achieved by using two kinds of silica-based materals,namely  xerogels and ordered mesostructures,via two different immobilization approaches of covalent  attachment and simple deposit. Utilizing and application of ionic liquids/porous silicas associated with dual advantages is an attractive research direction, recently. In this respect, the recent research progress on the objective composites are summarized on the basis of the effectiveness of the synthesis pathways. Meanwhile, the potential applications are also prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation and applications of supported ionic liquids/silica-xerogel catalysts
3 Preparation and application of supported ionic liquids/OMS(ordered mesoporous silicas) catalytic materials
3.1 Directly used as catalysts in various reactions
3.2 Supports for active metal nanoparticles or metal complex
4 Conclusions

 

Microwave spectroscopy is suitable for studying chemically and physically very interesting molecular systems, including weakly bound complexes, radicals, ions, and other transient species. Information on molecular structure, internal motions and intermolecular interactions are easily obtained. Advances and techniques of microwave spectrometer are outlined in this article. The instruments developed, including microwave absorption spectrometer, pulsed nozzle Fourier transform microwave spectrometer and chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer, etc. are described. Complimentary techniques in supersonic expansions, external applied fields with Stark modulation, fast scan, chirped pulse and double resonance are reviewed. Pulsed nozzles with heating system, fast-mixing, electric discharge and laser ablation are discussed. Meanwhile, the applications and developments of microwave spectrometers in the field of analytical chemistry are also reviewed. Finally, future trends of microwave spectrometers are prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Principle and structure of microwave spectrometer
3 Techniques in microwave spectrometer
3.1 Microwave absorption spectrometer
3.2 Fourier transform microwave spectrometer
3.3 Double resonator techniques
3.4 Chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer (CP-FTMW)
3.5 Microwave spectrometer for chemical analysis
4 Conclusions

Rare-earth upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs) have attracted significant attention benefited from their unique properties, such as strong photostability, narrow emission band, long fluorescent lifetime, high chemical stability, and low potential cytotoxicity, etc. Furthermore, being photoexcitable via continuous near infrared (NIR) radiation renders them superior performances, such as great light penetration depth, absence of photobleaching and photoblinking, lack of tissue autofluorescence, and less harmful to biological specimens. Recently, startling research interests have been ascribed to UCNPs, especially fluoride hosts-based UCNPs which are most efficient known to date, among various even interdisciplinary sciences field. Herein, recent synthesis and surface modification methodologies are outlined and summarized. Then the latest advances on research and applications of UCNPs are highlighted and reviewed, including immunoassay, bioimaging, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, light induced switching, data storage, and solar cells, etc. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis methods of UCNPs
3 Surface modifications of UCNPs
4 Application progresses of UCNPs
4.1 Biological applications of UCNPs
4.2 Non-biological applications of UCNPs
5 Conclusions and outlook

Glycobiology is the last important frontier in biochemistry. Complexity of carbohydrate research is due to the variety of the structure. In last few years, the determination of carbohydrate structure, especially the carbohydratemoiety of glycocon jugates has been developed rapidly. On the other hand, owing to complexity of structures, carbohydrates become biomolecules carrying large amounts of information. As informational molecules, carbohydrates play essential roles in living organisms, including determination of antigenecity of molecules and phenotype of cells, recognition in many physiological and pathological events, and as signals of dynamic regulations and of regulation on time and space.

Hydrogen is an environmentally cleaner source of energy, hopeful to replace carbon economy. The availability of feasible methods for hydrogen storage is one of the keys for large scale application. In recent years, solid materials most actively investigated can be regarded for their high hydrogen storage capacity and good reversibility. As a result, many new hydrogen storage materials have been developed. Among them, one of the most promising systems at present is metal complex hydride, which MAlH₄(M=Li, Na) as a typical alanate. In this paper, the recent studies on MAlH₄(M=Li, Na) as storage hydrogen materials are reviewed. The hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reaction, hydrogen storage properties, reaction mechanisms, theoretical calculations and remaining problems are discussed. And the development trend of MAlH₄(M=Li, Na) is also introduced.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Properties and structures of MAlH₄ (M=Li,Na)
3 De-/rehydrogenation of undoped MAlH₄ (M=Li,Na)
4 De-/rehydrogenation of doped MAlH₄ (M=Li,Na)
4.1 Dopants and doping methods of MAlH₄ (M=Li,Na)
4.2 Catalysis mechanism of doped MAlH₄ (M=Li,Na)
4.3 Theoretical investigation of MAlH₄ (M=Li,Na)
4.4 Kinetic properties of doped NaAlH₄
5 Summary and outlook

In recent years, due to an attractive application prospect of intelligent hydrogel in drug controlled release, gene transfer, tissue engineering and other fields, the research about intelligent hydrogel is very active. The synthetic hydrogels are mainly prepared by acrylic acid and its derivatives, acrylamide and its derivatives. Synthetic hydrogel has good stability, but its biodegradability and biocompatibility are poor. The raw materials of natural hydrogel include chitosan, sodium alginate, cellulose, starch, etc. These polysaccharides have good biocompatibility and biodegradability, and at the same time, they are cheaper and easier to manufacture. As a result, the natural hydrogels are superior to synthetic hydrogels for drug controlled release. Sodium alginate is an anionic linear polysaccharide composed of (1→4)-β-D -mannuronic acid (M) and (1→4)-α-L -guluronic acid (G). Each uronic acid unit contains a carboxyl group, under neutral or basic conditions, sodium alginate shows the properties of the polyanion electrolyte. In this review, the preparation methods of sodium alginate hydrogel are introduced in detail, including physical crosslinking, chemical crosslinking, enzymatic crosslinking, interpenetrating polymer network. The application of sodium alginate hydrogel in drug release is also introduced, including oral administration, subcutaneous administration, mucosal administration, pulmonary administration, transdermal administration. Finally, the problems in research and prospect of sodium alginate hydrogels are discussed. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of sodium alginate hydrogels
2.1 Physical crosslinking
2.2 Chemical crosslinking
2.3 Enzymatic crosslinking
2.4 Interpenetrating polymer network
3 The application of sodium alginate hydrogel in drug release
3.1 Oral administration
3.2 Subcutaneous administration
3.3 Mucosal administration
3.4 Pulmonary administration
3.5 Transdermal administration
4 Problems and outlook

“Click chemistry”, introduced by Sharpless in 2001, becomes a new synthetic method used in areas such as drugs, polymers and materials rapidly because of its high efficiency, high selectivity and reliable characteristics. With the further research on click chemistry, the types of it are increasing continuously and the scope of application is also expanding. Radical-mediated or nucleophile-initiated thiol-ene reaction is a novel kind of click reactions, which shows the characteristics of click chemistry. Starting from the concept, characteristic and types of click chemistry, the mechanism and the wide applications of thiol-ene reaction in preparation of functional polymers and topologic macromolecules, polymeric materials surface modification and biomaterials are emphasized. Furthermore, the latest research based on thiol-ene chemistry is summarized. The prospects of thiol-ene reaction are also discussed. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Thiol-ene click reaction and mechanism
3 Applications of thiol-ene click chemistry
3.1 Synthesis of functional polymers
3.2 Synthesis of topologies polymers
3.3 Surface modification
3.4 Biological fields
3.5 Other fields
4 Conclusions and outlook

Fatty acid biosynthesis is essential for bacterial survival. In recent years, components of this biosynthetic pathway have aroused wide concern. One fatty acid synthase, FabH (β-Ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase Ⅲ), is a particularly attractive target which catalyzes the initial step of fatty acid biosynthesis. The pivotal role of this essential enzyme combined with its ubiquitous occurrence in bacteria and no homologous protein in human being has made it an attractive new target for the development of new antibacterial agents. Small molecules that inhibit FabH enzymatic activity have the potential to be candidates within a novel class of selective, nontoxic, broad-spectrum antibacterials. In this paper, fatty acid biosynthesis, recent advances in the research of FabH as well as related inhibitors are reviewed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Structure of FabH
2.1 FabH
2.2 mtFabH
3 FabH Inhibitors
3.1 Thiolactomycin(TLM)
3.2 Platensimycin and platencin
3.3 Indole compounds
3.4 Benzoylaminobenzoic acid derivatives
3.5 Alkylsulfonyl substituents
3.6 1,2-dithiole-3-ones
3.7 Thiazolidine-2-One 1,1-dioxide
3.8 Alkyl-CoA disulfides
4 Conclusion and perspective

This paper makes a review on current research and development in contaminated soil remediation technologies at home and abroad, and also discusses demand for development in soil remediation technologies in China. This review indicates that systematic remediation technologies for contaminated soil have been developed, which included bioremediation, physical/chemical remediation and integrated remediation. Six research and development trends in soil remediation are summarized as follows: green and environmentally-friendly bioremediation, combined and hybride remediation, in situ remediation, environmentally functional material based remediation, equipment based site remediation, remediation decision supporting system and post-remediation assessment. It needs in China to develop wide-use, safe, cost-effective in situ bioremediation and physical/chemical stabilization technologies for agricultural farmland soil, to develop safe, land reusable, site-specific physical/chemical and engineering remediation technologies for heavily polluted industrial site, and to develop phytostabilization and eco-engineering remediation technologhies for controlling soil erosion and pollutants transport in mined area. Besides, it also needs to develop national guidelines, standards and management policies for contaminated soil remediation.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Current researches in contaminated soil remediation technologies
2.1 Bioremediation technologies for contaminated soil
2.2 Physical remediation technologies for contaminated soil
2.3 Chemical or physico-chemical remediation technologies for contaminated soil
2.4 Combined remediation technologies for contaminated soil
3 Trends in development of contaminated soil remediation technologies
3.1 Green and environmentally-friendly bioremediation technologies
3.2 Combined and hybride remediation technologies
3.3 In situ remediation technologies
3.4 Environmentally functional materials based remediation technologies
3.5 Equipment based site remediation technologies
3.6 Remediation decision supporting system and post-remediation assessment technologies
4 Opinions on R&D of contaminated soil remediation technologies in China
4.1 Soil contamination situation in China
4.2 Demands in R&D of contaminated soil remediation technologies
5 Conclusion

Graphene is the first free-standing two-dimensional atomic crystal which has been found so far. Graphene is the building block for the sp² carbon materials, such as zero-dimensional fullerenes, one-dimensional carbon nanotubes and three-dimensional bulk graphite. Also, it exhibits many remarkable electronic and mechanical properties. So it has become one of the hottest topics in the area of materials science and condensed-matter physics nowadays and also attracted more and more attention from scientists in diverse fields, such as chemistry, materials and so on. In this paper, we briefly introduce the research advances of graphene in recent years, including the preparation, reduction, chemical modification, application, perspectives and so on.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The discovery of graphene
3 The preparation of graphene
3.1 Chemosynthesis - "bottom-up"
3.2 Synthesis from graphite
4 The application of graphene
4.1 Sensor
4.2 Hydrogen storage
4.3 Drug carrier
4.4 Selective ion passage
4.5 Electrode materials
4.6 Others
5 Perspectives