Because of its high redox potential, large exciton binding energy (~60 meV), superior physical and chemical stability, inexpensiveness and nontoxicity, ZnO has become one of the most widely investigated semiconductor photocatalysts. In this review, different types of dopants, synthetic methods, photocatalysis and functional mechanism of the doped ZnO nanomaterials are summarized. The doping types include non-metal doping, metal doping (transition metal doping and rare earth metal doping) and co-doping approaches. Through this ion-doping method, oxygen vacancies or defects could be introduced into ZnO lattice, which provides more active sites for the photo-oxidation reaction. On the other hand, the ion-doping approach can produce impurity energy levels in ZnO band gap, leading to the expansion of its light responding region and enhancement of visible-light absorption ability. The doping ion can also work as an electron scavenger inhibiting recombination of electron-hole pairs, thus increases the photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanomaterials. Beside above-mentioned contents, research advances in applications of doped ZnO nanomaterials in fields of degradation of organic pollutants, antibacterial agents and photocatalytic hydrogen production are summarized. And also future developments of the doped nanomaterials are prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Dopant of ZnO nanomaterials
2.1 Non-metal doping
2.2 Metal doping
2.3 Co-doping
2.4 Self-doping
3 Photocatalytic mechanism
3.1 Theoretical studies of the doped ZnO
3.2 Photocatalytic mechanism of the doped ZnO
4 Application of the doped ZnO
4.1 Photocatalytic degradation
4.2 Photocatalytic antibacterial activity
4.3 Photocatalytic hydrogen production
5 Conclusion and outlook

Ionic liquids, as novel soft functional materials, can serve as green solvent and active center in catalytic reaction. Meanwhile, it can be used as a catalytically functional molecule to decorate other solid nano materials. In this paper, the concept toward task-specific ionic liquid (TSILs) hybrid solid nano materials and new catalytic performance are systematically reviewed from the perspective of design,synthesis and application of heterogeneous catalytic materials. Finally, we summarized state of the art and made an outlook about TSILs hybrid solid nano materials.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 TSILs hybrid silica-based inorganic materials
2.1 Confining TSILs by physical absorption
2.2 Anchoring TSILs by covalent attachment
3 TSILs hybrid magnetic nano materials
4 TSILs hybrid organic polymers
5 TSILs hybrid carbon-based nano materials
6 TSILs hybrid metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) materials
7 Conclusion and outlook

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is one of research hot topic in material area, has potential to become an important material for CO₂ adsorption and separation.Three points are introduced,including development and characteristics of MOFs,breakthrough progress of MOFs in CO₂ adsorption and separation,preparation of MOFs by traditional synthesis and green methods. Mechanism of MOFs for CO₂ adsorption and some special characteristics and advantages of MOFs compared with traditional adsorption materials are discussed. MOFs modification and improvement methods are introduced. Moreover, adsorption capacity and selectivity of MOFs for single-component CO₂, CO₂/CH₄, CO₂/N₂ are given. Conventional MOFs preparation techniques could not satisfy the large-scale production for CO₂ capture, so mechanical chemical synthesis and wet mineral weathering methods are discussed,which have some distinguishing features, such as greenization, solvent-free, low-energy, simplification and so on. Both of them are valuable for research and potentially practical technologies. With global warming and non-renewable fossil fuels consuming problems becoming more and more serious, studying and developing a series of MOFs materials to meet the requirements of carbon capture and storage(CCS) technology are extremely urgent and still had a lot of work to do.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Development of metal-organic framework materials
2.1 MOFs
2.2 Classification of MOFs
2.3 Characteristics of MOFs
2.4 The effect of moisture on MOFs
3 Studied of MOFs materials in the CO₂ adsorption and separation
3.1 Adsorption and separation of CO₂ in single component
3.2 Adsorption and separation of CO₂ from multi-components
4 MOFs conventional synthesis and green preparation methods
4.1 Conventional synthesis methods
4.2 Low energy consumption and green preparation methods
5 Conclusion

The partitioning of the trivalent lanthanides (Lns(Ⅲ)) and actinides (Ans(Ⅲ)) is a key step of high level liquid waste processing in nuclear industry. Due to the very similar physical chemical properties between Lns(Ⅲ) and Ans(Ⅲ), their partitioning is so difficult as to be considered as one of the most challenging issues which has not been satisfactorily solved yet. For the partitioning of Lns(Ⅲ) and Ans(Ⅲ), there are two ways to be chosen in technology. One is to develop the lipophilic extractants with high selectivity for Ans(Ⅲ), and the other is to exploit the hydrophilic ligands with good coordination properties for Ans(Ⅲ). In recent years, the considerable progresses are made on both ways. In regard of the research and development for the latter, it is found that some water-soluble ligands such as complexones, water-soluble amides and pyridine derivatives exhibit good selectivity for Ans(Ⅲ) in aqueous solution. For the past few years, these water-soluble ligands as stripping or masking agents have been used for the separation of Ans(Ⅲ) from Lns(Ⅲ). In the present paper, the progress on the water-soluble ligands for the separation of Ans and the partitioning of Lns(Ⅲ) from Ans(Ⅲ) are reviewed from the following aspects: the influences on the extraction of Lns(Ⅲ) and Ans(Ⅲ); the composition and structures of complexes; as well as the thermodynamic properties for coordination reaction. In addition, some advices are also given for further exploration.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Water-soluble ligands
2.1 Water-soluble amides
2.2 Complexones
2.3 Water-soluble pyridine derivatives
3 Conclusion and outlook

Phenol is a kind of important chemical materials, which is mainly produced from isopropylbenzene oxidation process. The drawbacks of the process include long synthesis process, consuming propylene and forming byproducts. Directly oxidation of benzene to phenol with molecular oxygen, possessing the advantages of less steps, low cost and environmental friendly, has become the research hotspot in green preparation of phenol. In this review, the progress of oxidation of liquid benzene to phenol with oxygen is summarized systematically. The reaction system, including the reaction mechanism, catalysts, and reductant is reviewed. The effects of reaction temperature, oxygen pressure, reductant and solvent on the yields of phenol are also discussed. Furthermore, the current research problems and future research perspectives are also suggested.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Reaction mechanism
3 Catalysts
3.1 Vanadium-based catalysts
3.2 Copper-based catalysts
3.3 Heteropolyacids-based catalysts
3.4 Other catalysts
4 Reductants
5 The effects of reaction conditions
5.1 Reaction temperature
5.2 Reaction pressure
5.3 The account of reductant
5.4 Solvents
6 Conclusion and outlook

In recent years, benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) has been receiving considerable attentions as the excellent electron-donating unit for constructing donor-acceptor structured organic semiconductors.It has been widely used in organic thin film transistors and organic photovoltaics. BDT-based conjugated polymeric materials possess favorable energy levels and band gaps, along with high carrier mobilities. Power conversion efficiencies of up to 9.2%(the best value reported for single junction organic solar cells) have been achieved for OPVs using BDT-based polymers, demonstrating their potential applications in the organic solar cells. In this paper, beginning with the structural modification of BDT, the latest research advances of organic photovoltaic materials based on BDT are reviewed, and the influence of energy levels and morphology on optoelectronic properties is intensively discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 BDT-based copolymers
2.1 4, 8-Position connect with alkyl and alkoxy group
2.2 4, 8-Position connect with alkyne and aromatic group
2.3 Conjugate plane expansion
3 BDT-based small molecules
4 Conclusions and outlook

Photonic crystals are new functional materials with periodic dielectric constants and photonic bandgaps and they can control the transmission of light. Responsive photonic crystals can be prepared by introducing external stimuli -sensitive materials into the interspace of photonic crystals. Electrically responsive photonic crystals are formed by combining electroactive materials with photonic crystal structure. They can be applied to reflective full color display exhibiting unique advantages over other display technologies. In this review, the structure and the responsive mechanism of electrically responsive photonic crystal device are mainly introduced. Besides, according to different kinds of electroactive materials which are introduced into photonic crystals, the electrically responsive photonic crystals can be classified into liquid crystal-based, polyelectrolyte hydrogel-based, organometallic polymer gel-based, conductive polymer-based and core-shell electrically responsive photonic crystals. The development in recent years of all kinds of them are summarized. The application, existing problems and outlook in the field of reflective full color display device are presented.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Responsive mechanism of responsive photonic crystals
3 Device structure of electrically responsive photonic crystals
3.1 Conductive substrate and electrolyte
3.2 Opal and inverse opal photonic crystal electroactive materials
4 Classification of electrically responsive photonic crystals
4.1 Liquid crystal-based electrically responsive photonic crystals
4.2 Polyelectrolyte hydrogel-based electrically responsive photonic crystals
4.3 Organometallic polymer gel-based electrically responsive photonic crystals
4.4 Conductive polymer-based electrically responsive photonic crystals
4.5 Core-shell electrically responsive photonic crystals
5 Application of electrically responsive photonic crystals
6 Existing problems and outlook

The squaramide motif with the rigid four-member ring structure that shows the aromaticity is a kind of important and ideal hydrogen bond donor/receptor unit, which can bond to many guest molecules as a double-hydrogen-bond receptor and donor. The squaramide derivatives are easy to be functionalized, which provides the convenient way for the design of the novel ion receptors. In this review, we summarize the structures of squaramide derivatives, synthetic methods, and their recent research progress in the anion, cation, and zwitterionic guest recognition, as well as in the organocatalysis. Finally, the prospects of squaramide derivatives in the future are described.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Responsive mechanism of responsive photonic crystals
3 Device structure of electrically responsive photonic crystals
3.1 Conductive substrate and electrolyte
3.2 Opal and inverse opal photonic crystal electroactive materials
4 Classification of electrically responsive photonic crystals
4.1 Liquid crystal-based electrically responsive photonic crystals
4.2 Polyelectrolyte hydrogel-based electrically responsive photonic crystals
4.3 Organometallic polymer gel-based electrically responsive photonic crystals
4.4 Conductive polymer-based electrically responsive photonic crystals
4.5 Core-shell electrically responsive photonic crystals
5 Application of electrically responsive photonic crystals
6 Existing problems and outlook

Micro/nanomotors are newly developed micro/nanoscale autonomous materials, and have been gradually applied in many fields such as bioanalysis and drug delivery owing to the advantages of simple preparation and mass production. By template-based electrodeposition and mechanical etching, micro/nanomotors in different shapes and compositions have been prepared. The most developed micro/nanomotors are asymmetric nanowire and microsphere and conical tube based motors. The motor based micro/nano biosensors can be prepared easily by functionalizing the motors with specific bioreceptors. Due to the complexity of the biological sample composition, traditional detection methods are often time-consuming and complicated because of multi cleaning and separation steps. However, benefiting from the unique property of autonomic movement, the motor based micro/nano biosensors can recognize, isolate and enrich target biomolecules from untreated sample solutions autonomously, hence realize the rapid, sensitive and in situ detection of target biomolecules such as DNA, protein, cell and so on. Generally, the micro/nanomotors can be propelled by chemical and field energies, for example, chemical reactions, magnetic field and ultrasound. In this review, we briefly introduce the motion mechanism of different micro/nanomotors, summarize the recent advances of micro/nanomotor-based biosensing applications in protein, DNA and cell detection and drug delivery, and prospect the future development of artificial micro/nanomotors.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The mechanism of micro/nanomotors
2.1 Chemically powered micro/nanomotors
2.2 Magnetically and ultrasound propelled micro/nanomotors
3 The application of micro/nanomotor in biosensing
3.1 Micro/nanomotors for isolation and detection of protein
3.2 Micro/nanomotors for isolation and detection of DNA
3.3 Micro/nanomotors for isolation and enrichment of bacterial and cancer cells
3.4 Micro/nanomotors for immunoassay
3.5 Micro/nanomotors for drug delivery
4 Conclusions and outlook

With the interaction between photoresponsive molecules and DNA, the reversible switching-modes of DNA hybridization and dissociation were realized by photo irradiation, which would become a new generation of DNA materials for nano-architecture and nano-actuation. We briefly review the recently developed methods to photo-regulate DNA hybridization and dissociation, their switching efficiencies, and their operation/service conditions. Compared with other intercalating and inserting functionalities, inserting wedge type azobenzene by acyclic linker into the DNA backbone is considered as the most favorite approach for potential applications. Interesting application works based on the azobenzene tethered DNA materials in nanotechnology and biotechnology are introduced. In conclusion, an outlook regarding these photo-functional DNA materials and their potential applications is given.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Reversible photoregulation of DNA hybridization
2.1 Tethering azobenzene by acyclic scaffold
2.2 Additional photoresponsive molecules
2.3 Modification of native bases
2.4 Photoresponsive molecules on the scaffold
3 Comparison of the photoregulation approaches
3.1 Photoregulation efficiency
3.2 Photoregulation power
3.3 Thermal bistability of the photoregulation
3.4 Advices for the photoregulation
4 Azobenzene tethered DNA in nanotechnology
4.1 DNA self-assembly controlled by light-irradiation
4.2 DNA nanomachines powered by light-irradiation
4.3 Other photoresponsive DNA nanomaterials
5 Photoregulation of DNA functions in biotechnology
5.1 Photoregulation of DNAzyme activity
5.2 Photoregulation of DNA translation
5.3 Photoregulation of other DNA functions
6 Conclusion and outlook

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In recent years, the development of chemical biology has been increasing focusing on efficient and mild methods for chemo-selective ligations and site-specific proteins labeling and modifications. These methods have ability to obtain large amount of post translational modifications and artificial proteins, which could not be acquired by using traditional gene cloning and recombinant protein expression strategy. In later 1990s, a new transpeptidase Sortase A was isolated from Staphylococcus Aureus, which can be used to modify proteins bearing a short recognition sequence (most usually as LPXTG or LPAAG). The active-site Cys residue of Sortase A cleaves between LPXT and G residue to produce a thioester intermediate, which can reacts with a nucleophile containing one to five Gly to afford the ligation product. Base on above-mentioned reason, the Sortase-mediated ligation has been successfully applied to many fields such as C-terminals protein modification, labeling and protein semisynthesis with high efficiency recently. Compared to traditional chemical synthesis,Sortase catalyzed semi-chemical synthesis method can preferably address the size problem of protein chemical synthesis. This mini review reports and discusses the recent important development of protein ligations, labeling and modifications by using Sortase mediated ligation method.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 The structure of Sortase and the mechanism of the transpeptidation reaction catalyzed by Sortase
3 Sortases as tools for protein ligations and modifications
3.1 Validation of the in vitro Sortase activity
3.2 Seek for the mutants of Sortase
3.3 Immobilization of Sortase
4 Application of Sortase to protein ligations and modifications
4.1 C terminal modifications
4.2 N terminal modifications
4.3 C and N terminal modifications
4.4 Preparation of unnatural N-N/C-C chimeric proteins by using Sortase
4.5 Protein immobilization
4.6 Preparation of cyclopeptides
4.7 Sortase-tag expressed protein ligation reaction
4.8 Other applications
5 Conclusion and outlook

Microfibrillated cellulose(MFC)is a new kind of functional nano-materials. Due to its advantages of biocompatibility, biodegradable, excellent mechanical, special optical and high barrier properties, it has extensive application prospects such as nanopaper, aerogel, nanocomposite materials, papermaking, medicine, etc. However, there remains many problems of MFC preparation and application. The main challenge is the high energy consumption regarding the mechanical fibrillation, which makes it impossible to industrial production. Meanwhile, the strong polar of MFC restricts its good dispersion in non-polar matrices and limits its applications in nanocomposites production. Accordingly, pretreatments before mechanical isolation are needed to reduce the high energy consumption and the composite mechanism of MFC and polymers should be studied systematically to satisfy more possible applications. This review focuses on MFC preparation and its applications in nanopaper, aerogel, nanocomposites. At last the future development of MFC is prospected.

Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Nanocrystalline cellulose
1.2 Bacterial nanocellulose
1.3 Microfibrillated cellulose
2 Preparation of MFC
2.1 Mechanical methods
2.2 Pretreatment
3 Applications of MFC
3.1 Nanopaper
3.2 Aerogel
3.3 MFC nanocomposites
3.4 Other applications
4 Conclusion and outlook