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Progress in Chemistry 2018, No.7 Previous issue Next issue

In this issue:

Review
Triplet-Triplet Annihilation-Based Upconversion in Supramolecular System
Hongchuan Fan, Dong Yang, Pengfei Duan
2018, 30 (7): 879-887 | DOI: 10.7536/PC180222
Published: 15 July 2018
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Abstract
Self-assembly is an essential process that can precisely organize molecules into supramolecular systems by artificial control. Introducing this concept into triplet-triplet annihilation-based upconversion(TTA-UC) system, triplet-triplet energy transfer and triplet-triplet annihilation can be regulated easily, thus the upconversion emission efficiency might be significantly improved. This review concentrates on the research progress about supramolecular system-based TTA-UC, including organogel, membrane, nanoparticles, polymer films, host-guest complexes, etc. Instead of conventional solution system, supramolecular systems provide ideal matrixes, which not only avoid the fluorescence quenching caused by aggregation and phase-segregation of dye molecules, but also prevent the triplet oxygen caused quenching. Meanwhile, supramolecular systems are facile enough to integrate TTA-UC system into devices. Furthermore, integrating TTA-UC and different supramolecular systems, variety properties can be achieved, such as temperature responsibility, all-or-none switching, and so on. In brief, supramolecular systems make TTA-UC system more potential to be applied in many fields, such as photonic devices, solar cell, nano-medical, bio-imagining and so forth.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion
3 Research progress of the upconvertion supramolecular systems
3.1 Upconversion in gel system
3.2 Upconversion in membrane system
3.3 Upconversion in polymer nanoparticle system
3.4 Upconversion in host-guest complex system
3.5 Upconversion in polymer film system
4 Conclusion and outlook
Interfacial Interaction on Phospholipid Membrane
Guangyan Qing, Zhonghui Chen, Guangyan Qing*
2018, 30 (7): 888-901 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171127
Published: 15 July 2018
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Abstract
As a class of crucially important biomolecules, phospholipids are key building blocks of cytomembrane and play indispensable roles in a variety of life activities, such as cell activation, metabolism maintenance, hormone secretion, and so on. There are a variety of phospholipids, most of which display remarkable advantages in strong self-assembly ability, excellent biocompatibility, no cytotoxicity and easy availability. As the most typical interfacial materials, the unique bilayer structures and outstanding biological performances of phospholipid membranes have attracted researchers' interests, which provide an excellent platform to investigate molecular characteristics and interfacial interactions on cell membranes. In addition, phospholipids can be also used as biomedical materials. Various chemically modified phospholipids and phospholipid-nanoparticle composites display good prospects for development in biomedical fields of tumor imaging technology and drug targeting delivery, which greatly promotes the development of new-generation biomaterials. In this review, the classification of phospholipids has been summarized and their adsorption behaviors on different substrates are also discussed. Then special interests are placed on selective recognition capacities of the phospholipid bilayers and the interfacial interactions between phospholipid bilayers and various biomolecules, such as peptides, enzymes and proteins. Finally, the enticing prospects of phospholipid-based biomaterials in bio-sensing, drug research and bio-imaging technology are demonstrated.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Classification of phospholipids
2.1 Natural phospholipids
2.2 Synthetic phospholipids
2.3 Phospholipid-based composites
3 Assembly behaviors of phospholipids on different surfaces
3.1 Mica surface
3.2 Silicon dioxide surface
3.3 Gold surface
3.4 Thiolated gold surface
4 Effect of phospholipid bilayers on biomolecules
4.1 Selective recognition at biointerface
4.2 Effect on self-assembly of peptide
4.3 Effect on enzyme catalysis
4.4 Effect on protein
5 Bio-applications of phospholipids
5.1 Bio-sensing
5.2 Drug targeted transport
5.3 Biological imaging technology
5.4 Drug release
6 Conclusion
Anion-Naphthalenediimide Interactions and Their Applications
Lianxun Gao, Chuanqing Kang*, Lianxun Gao
2018, 30 (7): 902-912 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171118
Published: 15 July 2018
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Abstract
Electron-poor naphthalenediimides(NDIs) with large quadrupole moments and strong π-acidity have been extensively studied as ideal models to gain deep insights into anion-π interactions. The development of anion-NDI systems have attracted considerable attention with efforts on mechanisms and applications of the systems. Anion-to-NDI electron transfer induced by anion-π interactions in the system usually results in colorimetric change or the formation of characteristic spectra bands, which have become a convenient and efficient tactic for the design of anion sensors. Particularly, NDIs have shown distinct advantages in recognition of strong Lewis basic anions with the formation of easily identified UV bands corresponding to radical anions of NDIs. The paper surveys researches on anion-DNI interactions in recent years. The paper firstly presents the interactions and structures of anion-NDI systems, then extensively reviews the applications of anion-NDI interations in anion recognition, enantiomer recognition, organocatalysis, and construction of anion channel. The interactions of NDI with neutral molecules based on lone electron pair-π interactions are also included. The functional relevance of anion-π interactions is demonstrated upon the discussion of the developments and wide applications of anion-NDI systems. Finally, this paper summarizes the strategies and challenges in development of application-oriented anion-NDI systems and draws perspectives of anion-NDI interactions in fundamental studies and wide applications.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Anion-NDI interactions
3 Applications of anion-NDI interactions in molecular recognition
3.1 Anion recognition and sensing
3.2 Recogntion of neutral molecules
3.3 pH responsiveness based on lone pair-NDI interactions
3.4 NDIs used for molecular electronics material
3.5 Enantiomer recognition
4 Applications of anion-NDI interactions in organocatalysis
5 Construction of anion channel with anion-NDI system
6 Conclusion and outlook
Design, Synthesis and Applications of Antimicrobial Peptides and Antimicrobial Peptide-Mimetic Copolymers
Chuncai Zhou, Chuncai Zhou*
2018, 30 (7): 913-920 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171125
Published: 15 July 2018
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Abstract
Antibiotics resistance of bacteria has caused serious threats to public health and it is urgent to develop novel antibacterial agents that do not induce drug-resistance. Antimicrobial peptides(AMPs), constituting important parts of the immune system, are cationic short peptides produced by most living creatures such as bacteria, plants, fish, insects, mammal animals and so on. AMPs possess many excellent properties, including broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy, high selectivity and unique membrane-destruction bactericidal mechanism. Thus, AMPs have become a promising candidate to overcome superbugs. However, over-costing and time-consuming production of natural AMPs limit their large-scale application. Therefore, low-cost and convenient synthesis methods have emerged, such as liquid-phase synthesis, solid-phase synthesis and N-carboxyanhydrides(NCA) ring-opening polymerization. Meanwhile, novel peptide-mimetic antibacterial polymers provide unlimited possibilities for development of peptide-based antibacterial agents and broaden their application fields. In this review, the sources, structure and antibacterial mechanism of AMPs are introduced. The synthesis methods to date of AMPs are also reviewed. Moreover, the development of antimicrobial peptide-mimetic copolymers and application of their assemblies are summarized as well. Finally, the shortcomings and the further development of antimicrobial peptides are discussed, providing advice for development of efficient, low toxicity "new generation antibiotic" in the future.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Antimicrobial peptides
2.1 Source of antimicrobial peptides
2.2 Structure of antimicrobial peptides
2.3 Antibacterial mechanism of antimicrobial peptides
2.4 Synthesis of antimicrobial peptides
3 Antimicrobial peptide-mimetic copolymers
4 Antimicrobial nanoparticles
5 Conclusion and outlook
Importance Sampling Methods and Free Energy Calculations
Haochuan Chen, Haohao Fu, Xueguang Shao, Wensheng Cai
2018, 30 (7): 921-931 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171026
Published: 15 July 2018
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Abstract
Molecular dynamics(MD) simulations with free energy calculations have been widely applied to chemistry, biology and material science. However, within the timescale of conventional MD simulations, ergodic sampling in phase space is limited due to high free-energy barriers. Insufficient sampling may, in turn, lead to poor convergence of the free energy calculations based on conventional MD simulations. Enhanced sampling is a powerful technique to overcome this difficulty, among which importance sampling method is the most representative one. In this paper, the principles and progress of four prevalent importance sampling methods, namely, umbrella sampling(US), metadynamics(MtD), adaptive biasing force(ABF) and temperature accelerated molecular dynamics(TAMD), are described and reviewed. In particular, the recent developments of ABF, such as the extended ABF(eABF) considered as the second generation of ABF, and the extended generalized ABF(egABF) methods designed for high dimensional sampling, are comprehensively summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of US, MtD, TAMD and ABF with their variants are presented and compared. Furthermore, challenges and outlooks for free energy calculation with importance sampling methods are discussed and prospected. Specifically, possible further improvements to current ABF methods, such as combination with accelerated molecular dynamics(aMD) simulations or string methods to enhance sampling efficiency in high-dimensional spaces are put forward.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Umbrella sampling
3 Metadynamics
4 Adaptive biasing force
4.1 Extended adaptive biasing force
4.2 Extended generalized adaptive biasing force
5 Temperature accelerated molecular dynamics
6 Conclusion and outlook
Synthesis of Two-Dimensional MXene and Their Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage
Kai Han, Nuo Li, Hongqi Ye, Kai Han*
2018, 30 (7): 932-946 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171114
Published: 15 July 2018
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Abstract
The removal of the "A" group layer from the MAX conductive ceramics(a family of ternary transition metal carbides or nitrides) phases results in two-dimensional materials which are named as MXene to denote the loss of the A element and emphasize their structure similarities with graphene. MXene is an emerging functional material in the field of two-dimensional crystal materials, which has excellent electric conductivity, low resistance of ion, strong mechanical strength, highly hydrophilic surface and 2D layer structure. As a novel kind of functional material, the methodology for preparing MXene and the potential applications have triggered tremendous interests. Until now, only 20 MXenes have been successfully synthesized and their composite materials have been demonstrated superior performance when applied in electrochemical energy storage, including secondary battery(Li-ion batteries and non-Li-ion batteries, i.e. Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Al3+) and electrochemical supercapacitor. In this review, the recent preparation methods and properties of MXene, especially the electrical characteristics, are summarized and compared. Then the applications of MXene materials in electrochemical energy storage are discussed in detail. The challenges and future perspective in the application of MXene materials are lastly outlined.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of MXene materials
2.1 HF etching
2.2 Fluoride-HCl mixture etching
2.3 Other approach
2.4 Synthesis of few/single layer MXene
3 Properties of MXene
3.1 Electronic properties
3.2 Electromagnetic properties
3.3 Mechanical properties
4 The applications in electrochemical energy storage of MXene materials
4.1 Lithium ion batteries
4.2 Non-lithium ion batteries
4.3 Lithium sulfur batteries
4.4 Supercapacitors
5 Conclusion and perspective
Self-Supporting Transition Metal Phosphides as Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Xianwei Lv, Zhongpan Hu, Hui Zhao, Yuping Liu, Zhongyong Yuan
2018, 30 (7): 947-957 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171103
Published: 15 July 2018
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Abstract
Hydrogen energy, a zero-carbon emission energy, is mainly produced by water electrolysis. Currently, precious metal Pt is the state-of-the-art electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER). However, the high cost and scarcity of Pt limit its wide application. Thus developing non-noble-metal electrocatalysts with high activity and excellent durability in hydrogen evolution reaction is still a great challenge. Self-supporting transition metal phosphides have excellent catalytic activity and stability, which are expected to be an alternative to precious metal Pt-based catalyst for HER. In this paper, the research progress of self-supporting transition metal phosphides is presented in detail. The advantages and mechanism of these electrocatalysts are discussed emphatically:(1) The self-supporting substrate's 3D integrated frame with strong conductivity provides lots of channels for transferring electron, thereby accelerating the catalytic reaction process.(2) Comparing self-supporting catalysts with others, its greater specific surface and more active sites are critical for catalytic reaction.(3) Self-supporting transition metal phosphides can be directly used as cathode for HER, and avoid the trouble that catalysts easily fall off from the glass carbon electrode in traditional coating method. Finally, the prospective and challenges for future development of self-supporting transition metal phosphides for water electrolysis are summarized.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Self-supporting transition metal phosphide electrocatalysts
2.1 Self-supporting cobalt phosphide catalysts
2.2 Self-supporting nickel phosphide catalysts
2.3 Self-supporting molybdenum phosphide catalysts
2.4 Self-supporting copper phosphide and iron phosphide catalysts
2.5 Self-supporting tungsten phosphide catalysts
2.6 Self-supporting bimetallic phosphide catalysts
3 Conclusion and outlook
Stimuli-Responsive Electrospun Nanofibers
Xie Zheng, Yifan Zhou, Siyuan Chen, Xiaoyun Liu, Liusheng Zha
2018, 30 (7): 958-975 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171117
Published: 15 July 2018
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers of less than 1000 nm in diameter are a kind of smart polymer fibers prepared by electrospinning process, which can respond to external stimuli with the change of their physicochemical properties. The nanofibrous membranes consisting of the stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers have the advantages of large specific surface area, high porosity and fast stimuli-responsiveness, have attracted worldwide attention in recent years due to their fascinating application prospect within many fields. In this paper, three methods for preparing stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers are firstly summarized. Then, the main factors influencing the size, structure and stimuli-responsive property of the nanofibers are discussed from synthesis or selection of the fiber-forming polymers, preparation of spinning solution, electrospinning and post-treatment. Subsequently, the research progress on the designs and fabrications of all kinds of stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers except electric field responsive nanofiber is reviewed, and their applications in separation and purification, drug controlled release, wound dressing, cell culture, sensor and detection are introduced. Finally, their future research direction is briefly commented.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation methods of stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers
2.1 Synthesis and choice of fiber forming polymer
2.2 Preparation of spinning solution
2.3 Electrospinning process and choice of its conditions
2.4 Post-treatment
3 Design and fabrication of stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers
3.1 Temperature responsive electrospun nanofibers
3.2 pH responsive electrospun nanofibers
3.3 Light responsive electrospun nanofibers
3.4 Magnetic field responsive electrospun nanofibers
3.5 Molecule recognition responsive electrospun nanofibers
3.6 Multiple stimuli responsive electrospun nanofibers
4 Applications of stimuli-responsive electrospun nanofibers
4.1 Separation and purification
4.2 Controlled drug release
4.3 Wound dressing
4.4 Cell culture
4.5 Sensor and detection
5 Conclusion and outlook
Strategies for the Synthesis of b-Oriented MFI Zeolite Membranes and Their Applications
Xiuxiu Ni, He Ding, Jingshuang Zhang, Zhouliangzi Zeng, Peng Bai, Xianghai Guo*
2018, 30 (7): 976-988 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171029
Published: 15 July 2018
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Abstract
Due to their great potential in membrane separation and catalytic membrane reactors, considerable research effort has been applied to the b-oriented MFI zeolite membrane. The latest developments of secondary growth strategies of b-oriented MFI zeolite membrane are reviewed in this paper. In particular, the effects of important factors on preparing b-oriented MFI films, such as synthesis of seeds, seed-coating methods and synthetic solution compositions, are summarized in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of these synthetic strategies, and their influences on the separation performance(separation factor and permeance) and catalytic performance of synthesized MFI zeolite membranes are evaluated. This review also introduces the latest breakthroughs in monitoring and controlling growth of two-dimensional(2D) zeolite crystal, and bottom-up syntheses of membranes with ultra high selectivity and flux from zeolite nanosheets produced in situ. Based on the extensive discussion of various preparation strategies, the developing trends in the preparation of b-oriented MFI zeolite membrane are forecasted.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Progress in synthesis of zeolite seeds
3 Progress in coating methods
3.1 Manual assembly
3.2 Air-water interfacial assembly
3.3 Other coating methods
4 Progress in secondary growth
4.1 Prevention of the attachment between seeds and (0k0) face
4.2 Change of mineralizing agents
4.3 Improvement of secondary growth synthesis solution composition
4.4 Ultra-selective ultra-flux zeolite membrane
5 Conclusion and outlook
Preparation of Bulk Ion-Imprinted Materials
Junlian Wang, Xinyu Liu, Meiying Xie, Huajun Wang
2018, 30 (7): 989-1012 | DOI: 10.7536/PC170814
Published: 15 July 2018
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Abstract
After more than forty years development, the preparation techniques of ion-imprinted materials have become mature and diverse. According to the main characteristics of the ion-imprinted materials, they can be classified into three groups:bulk imprinting materials, surface imprinting materials and magnetic ion-imprinted materials. The imprinting sites are distributed in the whole body for bulk imprinting materials, while only in the surface for surface imprinting materials. Magnetic ion-imprinted materials can be separated easily due to their magnetism, and their imprinting sites can be distributed in the whole body as well as only in the surface. The paper reviews the preparation methods of normal bulk ion-imprinted materials, including bulk/solution/precipitation/dispersion/suspension/emulsion polymerization methods, phenol-aldehyde/amine-aldehyde condensation polymerization methods, sol-gel process method, combination of free-radical polymerization and sol-gel process method, method using chitosan as ligand and backbone, etc. In addition, the preparation methods of nanoscale bulk ion-imprinted particles and thermo-sensitive bulk ion-imprinted materials are also reviewed. Finally, the future application and development of bulk ion-imprinted materials are prospected.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of normal bulk ion-imprinted materials
2.1 Bulk polymerization method
2.2 Solution polymerization method
2.3 Precipitation polymerization method
2.4 Dispersion polymerization method
2.5 Suspension polymerization method
2.6 Emulsion polymerization method
2.7 Condensation polymerization method
2.8 Sol-gel process method
2.9 Method of combination of free-radical polymerization and sol-gel process
2.10 Prepared with chitosan
2.11 Other methods
3 Preparation of nanoscale bulk ion-imprinted particles
4 Preparation of thermo-sensitive ion-imprinted materials
5 Conclusion and outlook
Nanofiltration Membrane Based on Novel Materials
Fengyang Zhao, Yongjian Jiang, Tao Liu, Chunchun Ye
2018, 30 (7): 1013-1027 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171104
Published: 15 July 2018
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Abstract
Nanofiltration(NF) separation technology, whose characteristics fall between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, makes up one of the most significant categories for intrinsic advantages such as low operating pressure, no phase transition and high-energy efficiency. However, membrane fouling and "trade-off" between permeability/selectivity are two main challenges to the application of NF membrane and design of new NF membranes. Membrane materials play the pivotal role in any membrane-based technologies. Therefore, the exploitation of novel membrane materials has been a major methodology to fabricate membranes with optimum performances, high-energy efficiency and relatively low cost. In this review, the scientific and technological advances in development of promising materials for NF membrane preparation and application in recent years are outlined. The materials can be classified into three types, including novel organic NF membrane materials, novel inorganic NF membrane materials, and novel organic-inorganic hybrid NF membrane materials, according to the membrane structures and the distribution and variety of materials in membranes. In addition, the universal characters of these new NF membrane materials as well as their respective main problems are set forth. Finally, the challenges and directions for future research in developing new promising NF membrane materials to achieve efficient means in commercialization are also prospected.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Novel organic nanofiltration membrane materials
2.1 Novel organic bulk materials
2.2 Novel organic modified materials
3 Novel inorganic nanofiltration membrane materials
3.1 Graphene and its derivatives
3.2 Other novel inorganic nanofiltration membrane materials
4 Novel organic-inorganic composite nanofiltration membrane materials
4.1 Characters of organic-inorganic composite nanofiltration membranes
4.2 Types of organic-inorganic composite nanofiltration membranes
5 Conclusion and outlook
Electrochemical Biosensors for Marine Toxins Analysis
Chenxi Liang, Lixin Cao*, Yuejuan Zhang, Peisheng Yan
2018, 30 (7): 1028-1034 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171019
Published: 15 July 2018
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Abstract
Marine toxins produced by harmful algae have a significant threat to human health and environmental safety. In order to reduce the risk of marine toxins, rapid and accurate detection of the toxins is one of the effective methods. Electrochemical biosensors provide a new technique for accurate marine toxins analysis due to their characteristics of time saving, simplicity, high sensitivity, low detection limit, and low cost. Nowadays, the electrochemical biosensors used in marine toxin detection mainly include immunosensors, enzyme sensors and DNA sensors. In this article, the achievements on marine toxin electrochemical biosensor made so far are reviewed. Meanwhile, the current problems and development trend of marine toxins biosensors are discussed and prospected.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Physicochemical properties and toxicity of marine toxins
2.1 Diarrheic shellfish poisoning
2.2 Neurologic shellfish poisoning
2.3 Amnesic shellfish poisoning
2.4 Paralytic shellfish poisoning
Effectiveness of Electron Transfer and Electron Competition Mechanism in Zero-Valent Iron-Based Reductive Groundwater Remediation Systems
Shufen Fan, Jia Xin, Jingyi Huang, Weili Rong, Xilai Zheng
2018, 30 (7): 1035-1046 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171106
Published: 15 July 2018
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Abstract
In recent years, the zero-valent iron(ZVI)-based chemical reduction technology has been applied for the in-situ groundwater remediation because of its high efficiency and low cost. However, the technology still faces up some bottleneck restrictions in engineering applications considering the complex groundwater constituents. ZVI, as a highly reactive electron donor, not only reacts with the target contaminants, but also reacts with other co-existing oxidants(O2, H+, NO3-, etc.) in the groundwater, which would negatively impact the remediation efficiency and increase the cost of remediation. In addition, electron competition usually occurs among the contaminants of the same or different categories, consequently resulting in a lower removal efficiency in a multi-solute system than in a single-solute system. Therefore, in this paper, the electron transfer process and the electron competition mechanism among different oxides in ZVI-based groundwater remediation systems are reviewed, including ZVI corrosion and electron transfer, the concept of ZVI reduction selectivity and its quantification methods, the electron competition among various coexisting oxides in groundwater, and the influence factors and enhancement methods of electron efficiency. Finally, the future development direction of the technology is forecast, so as to provide reference for future engineering application of in situ chemical remediation of groundwater.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Zero-valent iron corrosion and electron-transfer process
2.1 Zero-valent iron corrosion
2.2 Effects of corrosion on the electron-transfer process
3 “Electron selectivity” and “electron efficiency” of ZVI
3.1 Conceptulization and quantification of electron selectivity
3.2 Calculation of “electron efficiency”
4 Electron competition of coexisting oxides
4.1 DO
4.2 H2O or H+
4.3 NO3-
4.4 Heavy metals
4.5 Organic pollutants
5 Influence factors for “electron efficiency”
5.1 The relative proportions of the reducing agent and the oxidant
5.2 pH
5.3 Other factors
6 Technical methods to improve the “electron efficiency”
6.1 “Sulfidation”
6.2 “Magnetization” or “pre-magnetization”
6.3 Zero-valent iron/Fe(Ⅱ)
7 Conclusion and outlook