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Progress in Chemistry 2018, No.6 Previous issue Next issue

In this issue:

Review
Bi2SiO5 Semiconductor Photocatalyst
Di Liu, Qian Liu, Yonggang Wang, Yongfa Zhu
2018, 30 (6): 703-709 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171229
Published: 15 June 2018
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Abstract
Bi-based semiconductors possess many merits such as unique electronic energy band structures, adjustable and extensible spectral response ranges, low toxicity and a wealth of element resources supply, thus becoming one type of the most promising candidates for photocatalysis with high-efficiency and practicability. Especially noteworthy is that the Bi-based nonmetal oxysalts exhibit specifically characteristic photocatalytic activities due to their high crystallinity and surface modification effect of the nonmetal oxyacid ions. In this paper, the research progress of Bi-based semiconductors in recent years is briefly introduced. Particularly, the research progress in synthesis, construction of heterojunction and the electronic energy band structure of Bi2SiO5 is reviewed, and its future researches and applications are also prospected.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Research status and development trend
2.1 Bi-based photocatalysts
2.2 Bi-based nonmetal oxysalt photocatalysts
2.3 Bi2SiO5 photocatalyst
3 Conclusion and outlook
Hydrogen Bonding-Based Non-Metallic Organocatalysts for Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactones
Fanfan Du, Ying Zheng, Guorong Shan, Yongzhong Bao, Suyun Jie*, Pengju Pan*
2018, 30 (6): 710-718 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171001
Published: 15 June 2018
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Abstract
Aliphatic polyesters are a class of biodegradable, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly polymers, which have been widely used in many fields, such as packaging, agricultural film, biomedical materials, etc. In comparison with the polycondensation reaction, the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactones could be conducted in mild conditions with no small-molecular byproducts formed in the polymerization process. In addition, ROP of lactones is suitable to synthesize the aliphatic polyesters with high molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution. At present, the aliphatic polyesters are usually synthesized by the coordination polymerization with the metal complexes as catalysts. The as-prepared polymers inevitably contain a small amount of metal ions that are difficult to be removed completely, which limits the applications of aliphatic polyesters in the biomedical fields. Due to the low cost, ease of preparation, and low toxicity of non-metallic organocatalysts, the ROP of lactones catalyzed by non-metallic organocatalysts has drawn much attention in recent years. According to the catalytic mechanisms, this paper will focus on the non-metallic organocatalysts with the hydrogen-bonding interactions and review the recent research progress on the hydrogen bonding-based non-metallic organocatalysts used for ROP of lactones.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Monofunctional hydrogen-bonding catalysts
2.1 DBU
2.2 MTBD
2.3 Phosphazenes
3 Bifunctional hydrogen-bonding catalysts
3.1 4-Dimethylaminopyridine
3.2 Thiourea-amine catalyst
3.3 1,5,7-Triazabicyclo[4.4.0] dec-5-ene
3.4 Other bifunctional catalysts
4 Combined catalyst systems
4.1 Combined neutral catalyst systems
4.2 Combined ionic catalyst systems
5 Conclusion
Polyesters Containing Furan Rings Based on Renewable Resources
Guoqiang Wang, Min Jiang*, Qiang Zhang, Rui Wang, Xiaoling Qu, Guangyuan Zhou*
2018, 30 (6): 719-736 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171214
Published: 15 June 2018
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Abstract
2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a diacid based on renewable resources and can be synthesized from fructose and galactose. Recently, polymers synthesized from FDCA have attracted more and more attention. The recent studies of synthesis, structures and properties of homopolyesters and copolyesters containing furan rings based on renewable resources, especially for the polyesters synthesized from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid and its derivatives are summurized. The application and development of these polyesters are also discussed.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis methods,structure and properties of polyesters containing furan ring
2.1 Synthesis methods of polyesters containing furan ring
2.2 Structures and properties of homopolyesters containing furan ring
2.3 Structures and properties of copolyesters containing furan ring
3 Composite materials and the 3D printing material containing furan ring-based polyesters
4 Conclusion
Supramolecular Chiral Self-Assembly Based on Small Molecular Natural Products
Yuxia Gao, Yun Liang, Jun Hu, Yong Ju
2018, 30 (6): 737-752 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171110
Published: 15 June 2018
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Abstract
Supramolecular chirality, one of the most fascinating phenomena in nature and life, can be generated from orderly molecular self-assembly under non-covalent interactions, and plays an important role in life science, pharmaceutical chemistry, and materials science. Natural products, which are abundant in nature, have attracted immense attention in supramolecular chirality due to their unique stereostructures and multiple chiral centers. By transferring and magnifying the molecular chirality into supramolecular assemblies, natural products have been regarded as one of the ideal building blocks in fabricating supramolecular chiral nanostructures. The study of chiral assembly behavior of natural products will not only expand their applications in supramolecular chemistry, but also help us better understand the chiral phenomena in nature and life. In this review, recent developments of supramolecular chiral self-assembly based on small molecular natural products, such as steroids, triterpenoids, amino acids, sugars, and so on, are summarized and their prospects are discussed.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Chiral self-assembly based on small molecular natural products
2.1 Chiral self-assembly of steroids
2.2 Chiral self-assembly of triterpenoids
2.3 Chiral self-assembly of amino acids
2.4 Chiral self-assembly of sugars
2.5 Chiral self-assembly of other natural products
3 Conclusion
Development and Applications of Covalent Organic Frameworks(COFs) Materials: Gas Storage, Catalysis and Chemical Sensing
Ting Wang, Rui Xue, Yuli Wei, Mingyue Wang, Hao Guo, Wu Yang
2018, 30 (6): 753-764 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171012
Published: 15 June 2018
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Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous compounds with periodic topology structures in which the organic building units are linked by covalent bonds. As a new type of crystalline porous organic materials with multiple advantages, such as low density, large surface area, porosity, good crystallinity, high stability, designable structural units and so on, they have won more and more attention of scientists and been widely applied in many fields including gas adsorption and separation, optoelectronic device, catalysis, drug delivery, energy storage, chemical sensing and chromatographic separation. In the present paper, development and application advances of COFs materials are reviewed in outline, the burning issues concerning the applications are summarized and their possible development trends are also prospected.
Contents
1 Development of COFs materials
2 Applications of COFs materials
2.1 Storage and separation of gas
2.2 Catalysis
2.3 Fluorescent sensing
2.4 Other applications
3 Conclusion
Scientific Fundamentals of Lithium Slurry Battery
Dandan Liu, Yongchong Chen, Han He, Yingyuan He, Hao Liu, Bin Zhang
2018, 30 (6): 765-774 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171202
Published: 15 June 2018
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Abstract
Lithium slurry battery (LSB) is a capacity-type electrochemical energy storage technology with the attractive features of low cost, long life, high security and easy recycling. The lithium-storage particles of LSB are dispersed within the 3-dimensional conductive network of the slurry rather than being fixed and bonded in the electrode as prepared in traditional lithium battery. This endues LSB the characteristics of thick electrode and being maintainable to get regeneration. There are some key scientific barriers which limit the application of LSB, including the interpretation of mixed electronic-ionic conductivity mechanisms under different slurry thicknesses and formulations, in order to get an optimized electrode slurry with low internal resistance as well as high energy and power density; the analysis of the electrochemical reaction mechanisms and microstructure evolutions of the surface of active particle and the interface between the slurry and the current collector, in order to decrease the contact resistance, stabilize the interface structure and reduce the polarization and capacity loss; the research of capacity fading mechanism to optimize the online maintenance and recovery methods, etc. In this paper, the working principles and characteristics of LSB, and the research progress on the key materials and mixed conductivity mechanism of electrode slurry, the interface of slurry and current collector for the design of thick electrode, and the regeneration and recycling of electrode slurry are introduced.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Working principles and characteristics of lithium slurry battery
3 Key materials and mixed electronic-ionic conductivity mechanisms of electrode slurry
3.1 Key materials of the electrode slurry
3.2 Mixed electronic-ionic conductivity mechanisms of electrode slurry
4 Slurry-current collector interface and design of thick electrode
4.1 Characteristics of slurry-current collector interface
4.2 Design of thick electrode
5 Online maintenance and recycling of electrode slurry
5.1 Online maintenance of electrode slurry
5.2 Recycling of electrode slurry
6 Conclusion
Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals
Cheng Chen, Zhiqiang Dong, Haowen Chen, Yang Chen, Zhigang Zhu, Weiheng Shih
2018, 30 (6): 775-784 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171105
Published: 15 June 2018
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Abstract
Photonic crystal is a dimensionally periodic dielectric structure that exhibits a photonic band-gap (PBG). The theory of photonic crystal (PC) has been put forth for 30 years, and many achievements have been made based on theoretical and experimental research. PC materials inhibit photons from propagating for a certain band of frequencies with the fabricated PBG comparable to the wavelength of light, which have attracted more and more research interests due to its excellent properties and potential functional applications in optical, electrical, thermal and magnetic aspects. Furthermore, more and more efforts have been devoted to two-dimensional photonic crystals (2D PCs) due to their unique properties. In this paper, the characteristics of 2D PCs, including the preparation methods such as self-assembly, etching, and multiple-beam interference method, as well as its development status in waveguides, optical fibers, sensors, and terahertz technology in recent years are introduced. These developments show that the 2D PCs have great potentials as metamaterials. The future research focus and development direction of 2D PCs are prospected at last.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Characteristics of 2D photonic crystals
2.1 Photonic band gap
2.2 Structural color and diffraction characteristics
2.3 Photon localization
2.4 Negative refraction
3 Preparation methods of 2D photonic crystals
3.1 Self-assembly method
3.2 Etching method
3.3 Multiple-beam interference method
3.4 Other methods
4 Applications of 2D photonic crystals
4.1 Sensors
4.2 Waveguides and integrated circuits
4.3 Optical fiber communication and terahertz technology
4.4 Other applications
5 Conclusion and outlook
Applications of Novel Hole-Transporting Material Copper(Ⅰ) Thiocyanate (CuSCN) in Optoelectronic Devices
Yuanyuan Qi, Mingguang Li, Honglei Wang, Wen Zhang, Runfeng Chen*, Wei Huang*
2018, 30 (6): 785-796 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171226
Published: 15 June 2018
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Abstract
As a p-type transparent semiconducting material with wide bandgap, Copper(Ⅰ) thiocyanate (CuSCN) exhibits many advantages, including high transmittance, high conductivity, easy preparation at ambient temperature, solution processable and low cost. Therefore, CuSCN has been widely expected to be a strong alternative as hole-injecting/hole-transporting layer in the application of large-area and inexpensive plastic electronics. This review provides an overview of the fundamental physical properties of CuSCN material, covering crystal structures, optical properties and hole-transporting properties. A variety of preparation methods, ranging from solution processing, electrochemical deposition, to successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction, have so far been implemented for the fabrication of CuSCN thin-films in optoelectronic devices. These techniques commonly used for the deposition of CuSCN films are introduced with practical examples and the advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods are compared and discussed. Then, the applications of CuSCN semiconducting materials as a hole-transporting layer in the field of field effect transistors(FETs), organic light emitting diodes(OLEDs), organic solar cells(OSCs), and hybrid organic-inorganic solar cells(HSCs) are systematically summarized. A large variety of CuSCN-based optoelectronic devices reported in the literature to date exhibit efficiencies that are far superior to those conventional devices based on common hole-transporting materials, demonstrating significant potentials for a host of relevant applications. Finally, the current difficulties and future research directions of the CuSCN semiconducting material are also discussed to give an outlook of its prospect trends and application potentials, especially in various optoelectronic devices.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Fundamental physical properties of CuSCN
2.1 Structural properties
2.2 Optical properties
2.3 Hole-transporting abilities
3 Preparation methods of CuSCN thin film
3.1 Solution processing
3.2 Electrochemical deposition
3.3 Successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction
4 Application of CuSCN in optoelectronic devices
4.1 Field effect transistors (FETs)
4.2 Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs)
4.3 Organic solar cells (OSCs)
4.4 Hybrid organic-inorganic solar cells (HSCs)
5 Conclusion and outlook
Electrochemical Aptasensor for Detection of Ochratoxin A
Yanqun Shan, Xiaoying Wang*
2018, 30 (6): 797-808 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171022
Published: 15 June 2018
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Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic secondary metabolite of small molecular weight mainly produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species, which are widely found in food, agricultural products and animal feed. It has strong hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, teratogenic and mutagenic effects, and is also a class ⅡB carcinogens. In view of OTA's universality and harmfulness, the present situation of the commonly used detection methods of OTA is summarized and compared in this paper. Specifically, the application of new electrochemical aptasensor in OTA detection is mainly described. OTA electrochemical aptasensors are divided into three categories:configuration transformation type, affinity type and hybrid type. Their respective principles, characteristics and the latest research progress are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the summary of the future directions and the potential applications are given, which provides reference for the further research and application of OTA.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Traditional detection technology of OTA
3 Electrochemical aptasensor for OTA
3.1 Configuration conversion type electrochemical aptasensor
3.2 Affinity electrochemical aptasensor
3.3 Hybrid type electrochemical aptasensor
4 Conclusion and outlook
Fluorescent Probes Based on Silicon-Substituted Xanthene Dyes and Their Applications in Bioimaging
Man Du, Baolong Huo, Jiemin Liu*, Mengwen Li, Leqiu Fang, Yunxu Yang*
2018, 30 (6): 809-830 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171025
Published: 15 June 2018
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Abstract
During the past several years, fluorescence imaging techniques have provided a powerful technique for studying chemical and biological events and processes in living system in a noninvasive and real time manner in situ with high spatial and temporal resolution. Fluorescence imaging has been becoming a more and more powerful tool in diverse research fields ranging from biology, environmental monitoring, clinical diagnosis, to drug discovery. Recent advances in fluorescence bioimaging have spurred a higher demand for developing new small-molecule fluorescent probes. Fluorescent probes whose excitation and emission wavelengths are in the near-infrared(NIR) region (650~900 nm) are favorable for biological applications due to the low phototoxicity, minimum interference from the background autofluorescence of biomolecules, low light scattering and deep tissue penetration. Recent research has shown that the Si-substituted xanthenes, in which the O atom in xanthenes is replaced by the Si atom, have attracted considerable interest on account of their excellent NIR photophysical properties as well as biocompatible characteristics. Fluorescent probes based on Si-substituted xanthenes or their derivatives in literatures in recent years are summarized. The progress of the application of Si-substituted xanthenes in metal ions, pH, small molecules, enzymes, and biological imaging are expounded elaborately.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 The synthesis of SiRs
2.1 The synthesis of TMDHS
2.2 The synthesis of SiRs
3 Fluorescent probes for cations
3.1 Fluorescent probes for Zn2+
3.2 Fluorescent probes for Ca2+
3.3 Fluorescent probes for Cu2+
3.4 Fluorescent probes for Hg2+
4 Fluorescent probes for pH
5 Fluorescent probes for molecules
5.1 Fluorescent probes for HCHO
5.2 Fluorescent probes for HClO and ROS
6 Fluorescent probes for enzymes
6.1 Fluorescent probes for β-galactosidase
6.2 Fluorescent probes for MMPs
6.3 Fluorescent probes for caspase and LAP
6.4 Fluorescent probes for Btk
7 Fluorescent probes for gases
7.1 Fluorescent probes for O2
7.2 Fluorescent probes for 1O2
7.3 Fluorescent probes for NO
8 Applications of biological imaging
8.1 Imaging of cellular proteins
8.2 Imaging of the Golgi in live cells
8.3 Imaging of GFP cells
8.4 Imaging of tumor cells
8.5 Imaging of mouse transplantation tumor
8.6 Imaging of neurons
8.7 Imaging of bacterial peptidoglycan
8.8 Imaging of cytoskeletal filaments
8.9 DNA stains
8.10 Imaging of mitochondria in myeloma cells
9 Conclusion and outlook
Small Molecular Platinum(Ⅳ) Compounds as Antitumor Agents
Xiaoxiao Tan, Guoshuai Li, Qingpeng Wang, Bingquan Wang, Dacheng Li, Peng George Wang
2018, 30 (6): 831-846 | DOI: 10.7536/PC171212
Published: 15 June 2018
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Abstract
Platinum(Ⅳ) compounds which exert unique advantages as antitumor drugs,have aroused wide attention of researchers in pharmaceutical area. A great deal of efforts have been devoted to this field, and many remarkable results are achieved. The investigation on platinum(Ⅳ) compounds has become an active and hot topic. Large numbers of complexes with high activity, low toxicity, low drug-resistance, high bioavailability, satisfactory pharmacokinetic property and remarkable tumor targeting property have been prepared and evaluated in recent years. The current work is mainly focused on the following two aspects:(1) Platinum(Ⅳ) compounds based on classical platinum drugs. Various functional axial ligands are incorporated to platinum system to construct novel multi-functional platinum(Ⅳ) compounds with effective activities. (2) Platinum(Ⅳ) compounds based on non-classical platinum compounds are obtained by modifying the transverse ligands to prepare platinum(Ⅳ) complexes with non-classical platinum(Ⅱ) cores, and these target compounds have shown great competence in overcoming drug resistance of platinum drugs. Moreover, photosensitive platinum(Ⅳ) compounds have good performance in photodynamic therapy which is a new trend of clinical cancer treatment. Platinum(Ⅳ) compounds are of great potentials to be developed as the next generation of approved platinum anticancer drugs with oral administration. Herein, by combining authors' research and referring to the works from literatures in recent five years, the research progress of small molecular platinum(Ⅳ) compounds as antitumor agents is systematically reviewed, and the perspectives of the foreseeable future of platinum(Ⅳ) compounds as medicinal drugs are also presented.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Platinum (Ⅳ) compounds based on classical platinum drugs
2.1 Lipid/water tuning
2.2 Membrane protein targeting
2.3 Energy metabolism enzyme targeting
2.4 Mitochondrial targeting
2.5 HSA targeting
2.6 Inflammatory factor targeting
2.7 DNA targeting
2.8 HDAC targeting
2.9 Others
3 Platinum (Ⅳ) compounds based on non-classical platinum compounds
3.1 Modification of stable ligands
3.2 Modification of leaving ligands
3.3 Photosensitive platinum (Ⅳ) compounds with azido ligands
4 Conclusion
Etching Methods and Application of Molybdenum Disulfide Film
Qingyang Xi, Jinsong Liu, Ziquan Li, Kongjun Zhu, Guoan Tai, Ruogu Song
2018, 30 (6): 847-863 | DOI: 10.7536/PC170925
Published: 15 June 2018
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Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been widely concerned due to dependence of its energy band on the number of layers. Especially the two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) film has become a research hot spot because of its excellent photoelectric properties. So far, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and exfoliation have become the main methods for preparing MoS2 films, but it is very difficult to precisely control the layers of MoS2 using these methods. Research confirms that the MoS2 films can be further processed by etching methods so as to obtain the sample with a monolayer or a specific number of layers. Therefore, in this paper the research progress about etching technology of MoS2 films based on different etching mechanisms is reviewed and the influence of different etching techniques on the quality of etched films is analyzed. Moreover, the application and prospects of these etching methods in field effect transistor(FET) and other optoelectronic devices are also introduced. Finally, problems that need to be solved in the future study are prospected.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Physical properties of molybdenum disulfide films
2.1 Crystal structure and band structure
2.2 Optical properties
3 Etching methods of molybdenum disulfide films
3.1 Plasma etching
3.2 Laser etching
3.3 Oxygen/air etching
3.4 Other chemical etching methods
4 Application of etching methods in optoelectronic devices
4.1 Field effect transistor
4.2 Other optoelectronic devices
5 Conclusion and outlook
Transparent Antifogging Materials
Xiao Li, Ling Ai, Jing Zhang, Xianpeng Zhang, Yuehui Lu, Weijie Song
2018, 30 (6): 864-871 | DOI: 10.7536/PC170927
Published: 15 June 2018
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Abstract
Transparent materials play an important role in our daily life as well as industrial manufacturing. However, fog often occurs on the transparent surfaces, possibly leading to unavailability and economic loss. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the means to prevent the transparent surfaces from fogging using antifogging coatings. This review introduces the fundamentals in antifogging and the two routes to realize antifogging surfaces, i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic antifogging. Accordingly, the state of the art antifogging materials and fabrication are introduced in detail. Finally, a perspective on applications and future development of antifogging materials is provided.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Antifogging mechanism
3 Hydrophilic antifogging
3.1 Functionalized polymer antifogging materials
3.2 Inorganic antifogging materials
3.3 Organic-inorganic hybrid antifogging materials
4 Hydrophobic antifogging
5 Conclusion and perspective
Application of Pressure Swing Adsorption Technology to Capture CO2 in Highly Humid Flue Gas
Liying Liu, He Gong, Zhe Wang, Gang Li, Tao Du
2018, 30 (6): 872-878 | DOI: 10.7536/PC170921
Published: 15 June 2018
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Abstract
Pressure swing adsorption(PSA) technology provides plenty of advantages for CO2 capture from flue gas. However, flue gas always contain some water vapor, which causes a great challenge to capture CO2 by using conventional adsorbents. To solve this bottleneck problem, improving pressure swing adsorption processes and developing novel moisture-insensitive adsorbents have become the most important ways. In this paper, novel processes for CO2 capture from wet flue gases is introduced, which consist of multilayered adsorption processes and microwave assisted vacuum regeneration technologies. Furthermore, the recent research progress of effective adsorbents for CO2 capture from wet gases is summarized. Their physicochemical properties as well as adsorption mechanisms of CO2 and water vapor are systematically elucidated. Based on that, the problems existing in CO2 capture from highly humid flue gas by pressure swing adsorption technologies are further discussed and follow-up studies are prospected. We believe that with the improvement of the PSA processes and development of novel adsorbents, the cost of CO2 capture from wet flue gas will be further reduced in the near future, which is of great significance for greenhouse gases reduction from humid waste gases, such as flue gases from power plants and exhaust gases from factories.
1 Introduction
2 Processes for CO2 capture from humid flue gas
2.1 Multilayer adsorption
2.2 Microwave assisted vaccum regeneration
3 Adsorbents for CO2 capture from humid flue gas
3.1 Zeolites
3.2 Activated carbon
3.3 Activated alumina
3.4 MOFs
3.5 Silicon molecular sieves
3.6 Adsorbents after surface modification
4 Conclusion