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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (3): 368-379 DOI: 10.7536/PC200556 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Classification of Microfluidic System and Applications in Nanoparticles Synthesis

Dong Yang1,2,*(), Keyi Gao1,2, Baiqin Yang1,2, Lei Lei1,2, Lixia Wang1,2, Chaohua Xue3,*()   

  1. 1 Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology,Xi’an 710021, China
    2 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology,Xi’an 710021, China
    3 College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology,Xi’an 710021, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Dong Yang, Chaohua Xue
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21505089); the 61th Batch of National Postdoctoral Funds Second-Class, China(202101710)
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Microfluidic synthesis technique is attracting considerable interest in the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials, especially in precise regulation of nanoparticles, due to their miniaturization of reaction apparatus, precisely controlling the substances exchange. Given the demand for detailed experiments, the micro-reactors can be redesigned and adjusted, as well as multiple experimental steps integrated into one system to perform multi-step chemical reactions and realize the preparation of composite materials. In summary, various micro-reactors are briefly introduced, different flow statuses of the fluid in the micro-reactors are discussed, and the typical microfluidic synthesis applications in nanomaterial synthesis were exemplified in this review. Finally, the development trend in the microfluidic system is summarized.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Microfluidic system

2.1 Microchannel reactor

2.2 Tubular microreactor

3 Fluid status in microfluidic

3.1 Monophasic laminar fluid

3.2 Polyphase droplet flow

4 Microfluidic synthesis of nanoparticles

4.1 Noble metal nanoparticles

4.2 Quantum dots

4.3 Silica nanoparticles

4.4 Magnetic nanoparticles

4.5 Hybrid nanoparticles

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: microfluidic system, nanoparticles, microfluidic system classification, microdroplet
Fig.1 Schematic showing components of the microfluidic system used for nanoparticle synthesis.(A) fluid flow in microchannels,(B) nanoparticles of different morphologies
Fig.2 The microchannel reactor prepared by etching polymethyl methacrylate polymer materials[24]
Fig.3 Tubular microfluidic reaction device with mixing function[47,48],(A) Y-type hybrid microfluidic device,(B) screw-type tubular hybrid microfluidic device
Fig.4 Schematic of liquid flow in a microfluidic device:(A) monophasic laminar fluid,(B) polyphase droplet flow
Fig.5 Fluid in the tube reactor fell within a laminar regime, exhibiting a parabolic velocity profile
Fig.6 Schematic of generating droplets by microfluidic device:(A) T-type structure,(B) cross-type structure,(C) Y-type structure,(D) coaxial flow structure
Table 1 Calculation formula and physical meaning description of dimensionless quantity
Dimensionless quantity Formula Account
Weber number W = ρ D H U 2 γ The Weber number is a dimensionless value useful for analyzing fluid flows where there is an interface between two different fluids. ρ = fluid density, U = fluid velocity, γ= surface tension, DH = fluid diameter in the channel
Bond number Bd = ρg d 2 γ A dimensionless group used in analyzing the fluid flow that characterizes the ratio of gravitational forces to surface or interfacial tension forces. P = fluid density, g = acceleration due to gravity, d = fluid diameter in the channel, γ = surface or interfacial tension
Grashof number Gr = D H 3 ρgΔT μ 2 Grashof number is a nondimensional parameter, indicating the correlation between the heat and mass transfer. DH = fluid diameter in the channel, ρ = fluid density, g = acceleration due to gravity, Δ T = temperature difference, μ 2 = kinematic viscosity of the fluid
Fig.7 Microfluidic device that directly generates reactive droplets and promotes droplet mixing[64]
Fig.8 Microfluidic device for generating reaction liquid droplets after collision mixing[77]
Fig.9 (A) Images of three-phase fluid stream and process of reagent addition,(B) schematic of a microfluidic device that can be used for multi-step reactions[78]
Table 2 Quantum dots prepared using different microfluidic devices
Quantum dots Microfluidic system Materials for microfluidics ref
CdSe Tubular Microreactor Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) tube,
Stainless steel tube 		112
CdSe Tubular Microreactor Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) tube 113
CdS Microchannel device Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) 114
PbS Tubular Microreactor Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) tube 115
InP/ZnS Microchannel device Silicon 116
InP Tubular Microreactor Stainless steel tube 117
CuInS2/ZnS Tubular Microreactor Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) tube 118
CdSe/CdS/ZnS Tubular Microreactor Stainless steel tube 119
CdSe Microchannel device Polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) 120
Ag2S Microchannel device Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) 121
Fig.10 (A) Starting from initial growth of gold nuclei on the surface of the iron oxide core particles,(B) over a closed shell,(C) to a thick gold shell[77]
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