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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (11): 2331-2339 DOI: 10.7536/PC220319 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Quantitative Analysis of Metal Nanoparticles in Unicellular Aquatic Organisms

Dandan Zhang1,2, Qi Wu1,3, Guangbo Qu1,2,3(), Jianbo Shi1,2,3, Guibin Jiang1   

  1. 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100085, China
    2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049, China
    3 School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hangzhou 310024, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Guangbo Qu
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21976189); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22036002)
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Metal nanoparticles released by human activities inevitably enter the aquatic environment. Numerous studies have shown that metal nanoparticles could induce reproductive toxicity and genetic toxicity in aquatic organisms. Furthermore, metal nanoparticles could be transmitted along the food chains which is a potential threat to human health. Quantitative analysis of intracellular metal nanoparticles is important for studying the biological effects of metal nanoparticles. In addition, there is heterogeneity among cells, and the individual cell with special physiological characteristics may influence or even determine the destiny of the cell population. However, most traditional methods for the quantitative determination of intracellular metal nanoparticles were based on the whole cell population whereas the heterogeneity of individual cells was neglected, which may result in the loss of significant information about cell populations that have important functions to the community. Therefore, the quantitative analysis of the intracellular metal nanoparticles in unicellular microorganisms, which locates at the bottom of the trophic level in the aquatic environment, is essential for understanding the interaction between metal nanoparticles and aquatic organisms and evaluating the potential risk of metal nanoparticles entering the food chain. In this review, we discuss the single-cell analysis methods for the quantitative determination of metal nanoparticles in aquatic unicellular organisms. The working principle and application of these methods and their pros and cons are summarized. This paper aims to provide a theoretical basis of the method selection for relevant studies in the future. Finally, we prospect the future research directions in this field according to the current research status.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Quantitative methods based on fluorescence

2.1 Confocal laser scanning microscopy

2.2 Flow cytometry

3 Quantitative methods based on non-fluorescent microscopy

3.1 Scanning transmission electron microscopy

3.2 Hyperspectral imaging with enhanced darkfield microscopy

4 Quantitative methods based on mass spectrometry

4.1 Single cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

4.2 Mass cytometry

5 Conclusion and perspective

Key words: unicellular aquatic organisms, metal nanoparticles, single-cell analysis, quantitative analysis
Table 1 Overview of the application of methods for quantitative analysis of metal nanoparticles in unicellular aquatic organisms mentioned in this review
Method Metal nanoparticles Organism Highlights ref
CLSM CdSe/ZnS QDs T. thermophila Observation of intracellular location of CdSe/ZnS QDs 34
FCM CdTe QDs O. danica Uptake of CdTe QDs in O. danica via micropinocytosis 37
CdSe/ZnS QDs T. thermophila Lower detection sensitivity of FCM compared with CyTOF 34
nTiO2 P. caudatum Increased internalization of nTiO2 in P. caudatum when E. coli coexists 41
STEM nTiO2 T. thermophila Trophic transfer of nTiO2 from P. aeruginosa to T. thermophila via a food web 47
CdSe/ZnS QDs P. aeruginosa Uptake of CdSe QDs in P. aeruginosa 48
HIS-M AgNPs, AuNPs, nCuO,
nTiO2, CdSe/ZnS QDs		 T. thermophila Semi-quantitative analysis of metal NPs in T. thermophila 55
SC-ICP-MS TeNPs S. aureus and
E. coli		 Heterogeneous accumulation of TeNPs in S. aureus and E. coli 65
AuNPs C. ovate Quantitative analysis of AuNPs in single-cell algae by SC-ICP-MS 66
AuNPs P. subcapitata Particle number-based trophic transfer of gold nanomaterials from P. subcapitata to daphnids and fish in an aquatic food chain 16
AgNPs C.vulgaris Dual mass mode of quadrupole-based SC-ICP-MS for quantitative analysis of two metal elements (Mg and Ag) in C.vulgaris 68
CyTOF AuNPs T. thermophila Heterogeneous internalization of AuNPs by T. thermophila at ultra-trace exposure concentration 34
Table 2 Overview of the advantage and disadvantage among single-cell quantitative analysis methods mentioned in this review
Method Advantages Disadvantages
CLSM Intracellular location, enabling living organisms Label needed, phototoxicity, light bleaching, fluorescence quenching
FCM High-throughput of samples, multiple parameters, non-destructive Unable to locate NPs within cells, fluorescence quenching, spectral overlap, uncoupling of fluorescent dyes
STEM High resolution (one particle), no need for labeling, no quenching, and no bleaching Requirement for complex sample preparation
HIS-M High resolution (one particle), no need for labeling, no quenching, bleaching Low sample throughput, long analysis time
SC-ICP-MS High throughput for sampling, no need for labeling, low detection limit (ag/cell) Sample destruction, lower transmission efficiency, unable to locate NPs within cells, aggregates of two or more cells
CyTOF High throughput (500 events/s) for sampling, no need for labeling, high detection sensitivity (ag/cell), multiple parameters, multiple element analysis, no need for labeling Sample destruction, lower transmission efficiency
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