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Progress in Chemistry 2012, Vol. Issue (10): 2040-2053 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Natural Origins, Formation Mechanisms, and Fate of Environmental Perchlorate

Fang Qile, Chen Baoliang*   

  1. Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
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Perchlorate (ClO4-) as an emerging trace pollutant, has caused a great concern about its environmental pollution problems. The natural origin of ClO4- as well as its formation mechanisms is a new research focus. In order to establish new environmental quality standards and safety concentration limits of ClO4-, it is quite important to recognize its natural origins, background concentrations, transport and fate in various environmental media, but few researches were reported in China. In this paper, the background concentration levels of ClO4- in tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol, atmospheric wet deposition (rain and snow), groundwater, seawater, soil and minerals are summarized. The data for ClO4- concentrations in the aerosol were very limited, such as 0.5-5 ppt in the stratospheric aerosol, <1.8 ng/m3 (Japan) and~5.0 ng/m3 (China) in the tropospheric aerosol. The ClO4- concentrations in rain were ND-24 400 ng/L for more than 1 600 samples, and 1-18 ng/L in Arctic snow. The ClO4- concentrations in groundwater were widely investigated in USA, and recently, some data were reported for China, Germany and India, which were mainly pooled in 10-1-102 μg/L for more than 2 100 samples. The reported ClO4- concentrations in sea water were 0.16-6.11 μg/L. As a dominant natural origin, the atmospheric reaction mechanisms (i.e., ozone oxidations, photochemical reactions, and lightning effects) and precursors of ClO4- are highlighted. It is believed that the species of ClO2-/ ClO2 is a critical precursor for the formation of natural ClO4- at the atmosphere. The transport, fate, and biogeochemical cycling of natural ClO4- in the environments are described in details. The isotope tracer approaches for identification of natural source of ClO4- are briefly introduced. The research trends and currently existing problems are prospected. Contents 1 Introduction
2 The natural origins and background concentrations of ClO4-
2.1 Aerosol
2.2 Atmospheric wet deposition
2.3 Groundwater
2.4 Sea water
2.5 Soil (minerals)
3 The precursors and formation mechanisms of natural ClO4-
3.1 Precursors and oxidants
3.2 Reaction mechanisms
4 The transport and fate of natural ClO4-
5 The isotope tracer approaches for identification of natural source of ClO4-
6 Perspectives
Key words: perchlorate, natural origin, background concentration, formation mechanism, fate behavior, isotope tracer

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