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化学进展 2020, Vol. 32 Issue (5): 548-561 DOI: 10.7536/PC190922 前一篇   后一篇

• 综述 •

固态荧光碳点的制备

李世嘉1,2, 庞尔楠1,2, 郝彩红3, 蔡婷婷1, 胡胜亮3,**()   

  1. 1.中北大学材料科学与工程学院 太原 030051
    2.山西机电职业技术学院 长治 046011
    3.中北大学能源动力工程学院 太原 030051
  • 收稿日期:2019-09-18 修回日期:2019-12-16 出版日期:2020-05-15 发布日期:2020-02-20
  • 通讯作者: 胡胜亮
  • 基金资助:
    山西省三晋学者计划、山西省高等学校中青年拔尖创新人才支持计划、山西省重点研发计划-国际合作项目(201903D421082); 山西省三晋学者计划、山西省高等学校中青年拔尖创新人才支持计划、山西省重点研发计划-国际合作项目(201803D421091); 山西省高校成果转化培育项目()
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Preparation of Solid-State Fluorescent Carbon Dots

Shijia Li1,2, Ernan Pang1,2, Caihong Hao3, Tingting Cai1, Shengliang Hu3,**()   

  1. 1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
    2.Shanxi Institute of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Changzhi 046011, China
    3.School of Energy and Power Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
  • Received:2019-09-18 Revised:2019-12-16 Online:2020-05-15 Published:2020-02-20
  • Contact: Shengliang Hu
  • About author:
    ** e-mail:
  • Supported by:
    Specialized Research Fund for Sanjin Scholars Program of Shanxi Province, the Program for the Innovative Talents of Higher Education Institutions of Shanxi, the Key Research and Development Plan(International Cooperation) of Shanxi Province(201903D421082); Specialized Research Fund for Sanjin Scholars Program of Shanxi Province, the Program for the Innovative Talents of Higher Education Institutions of Shanxi, the Key Research and Development Plan(201803D421091); Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi (TSTAP), China()

荧光碳点由于其具有无毒、制备成本低以及独特的光致发光性能而引起人们极大的研究兴趣,但是通常碳点的制备和使用均是在溶液中,而且随着碳点浓度的增加其荧光强度可能会降低甚至猝灭,通过简单干燥后得到的固态粉末则常常缺少荧光性质。因此,固态荧光碳点制备及其相关应用的研究相对较少。本文综述了固态荧光碳点的制备方法,包括后处理法(基质分散法、表面工程法)和前驱体直接合成法;对比了各种调控手段处理前后碳点荧光性能的变化情况,总结了各种固态碳点在制备过程中和使用过程中存在的主要问题。最后,针对固态发光碳点的制备方法、性能调控及发展方向进行了展望。开发具有聚集诱导发射增强的碳点是至关重要的,也为固态碳点的发展提供了新思路。

关键词： 固态荧光碳点, 制备, 荧光量子产率, 荧光猝灭, 负载率

Fluorescent carbon dots have attracted significant interest for their non-toxicity, low cost and unique photoluminescence properties. Generally, the preparation and usage of carbon dots(CDs) are in solution. With the increase of CDs concentration, their fluorescence intensity may be reduced or even quenched. Following, the solid-state fluorescent CDs powder obtained by simple drying often lack of fluorescence properties. Therefore, there are relatively few researches on the preparation and related applications of solid-state fluorescent CDs. The article describes recent preparation methods of solid-state fluorescent CDs, including post-processing methods(matrix dispersion method, surface engineering) and direct synthesis method. The changes of fluorescence properties of CDs before and after treatment are compared, and the main problems in preparation and application of solid CDs are summarized. Meanwhile, the preparation, performance modulation of solid-state fluorescent CDs are prospected. It is very crucial to exploit the CDs with the enhancement of aggregation induced emission, which provides a new strategy for the development of solid-state fluorescence CDs.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Preparation of solid-state fluorescent carbon dots by post-processing method

2.1 Matrix dispersion method

2.2 Surface engineering method

3 Preparation of solid-state fluorescent carbon dots by direct synthesis method

4 Conclusion

Key words: solid-state fluorescent CDs, preparation, fluorescence quantum yield, fluorescence quenching, loading ratio
()
图1 荧光猝灭可能机理图
Fig. 1 Possible mechanism of fluorescence quenching
图2 质量比为1∶450、1∶70、1∶20的CDs@淀粉粉末在日光下 (a)和紫外光下(b)图像;质量比为1∶70的CDs@淀粉粉末在紫外(c和c')、蓝光(d和d')、绿光(e和e')激发下的荧光图像[63]
Fig. 2 Photographs of CDs@starch powder with a mass ratio of 1∶450,1∶70,1∶20 under sunlight (a) and ultraviolet (b). Fluorescence photographs of CDs@starch powder with a mass ratio of 1∶70 excited by ultraviolet(c and c'), blue light(d and d'), and green light(e and e') [63]. Copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry
图3 (a) CDs-ZnO@APTES的形成过程示意图;(b) CDs-ZnO@APTES粉末发射激发谱和不同激发波长下的发射光谱[65]
Fig. 3 (a) Schematic of the formation process of the CDs-ZnO@APTES.(b) PLE spectra of the CDs-ZnO@APTES powder and fluorescence spectra with different excitation wavelengths[65]. Copyright 2018,Royal Society of Chemistry
图4 CDs@NaCl复合粉体的(a)光学和(b)荧光图像;(c)和(d)为CDs@NaCl复合粉体的SEM图像[67]
Fig. 4 (a) Optical and(b) fluorescent images of resulting CDs@NaCl powder. (c) and (d) SEM images of CDs@NaCl powders.[67] Copyright 2017, Elsevier
图5 (a)TMA-POSS化学结构;(b)CDs@TMA-POSS粉末在日光(上)和紫外光(下)照片;(c)CDs@TMA-POSS的TEM图[68]
Fig. 5 (a)Chemical structure of TMA-POSS.(b) Photographs of CDs@TMA-POSS powders under daylight(top) and UV light(bottom).(c)TEM image of CDs@TMA-POSS[68]. Copyright 2015,Royal Society of Chemistry
图6 F-CDs@SrCO3 (a)和F-CDs@BaCO3 (d)的SEM;F-CDs@SrCO3(b, c), F-CDs@BaCO3 (e, f),F-CDs@CaSO4 ·2H2O(g, h) 和F-CDs@SrSO4(j, k)的光学显微图像(b, e, g, j)和共聚焦荧光显微镜图像(c, f, h, k);F-CDs@CaSO4 ·2H2O(i) 和 F-CDs@SrSO4 (l)的分布模型;(m) 9种F-CDs/无机纳米复合材料在紫外线激发和去除紫外线激发后的照片;Ca、Sr和Ba的碳酸盐(n)、硫酸盐(o)和草酸盐(p)的 F-CDs/无机物纳米复合材料的稳态光致发光光谱[69]
Fig. 6 SEM of F-CDs @SrCO3(a) and F-CDs@BaCO3(d). Optical microscopy images(b, e, g, j) and confocal fluorescence microscopy images(c, f, h, k) of F-CDs@SrCO3(b, c), F-CDs @BaCO3(e, f),F-CDs@CaSO4 ·2H2O(g, h) and F-CDs@SrSO4(j, k).Distribution models of F-CDs@CaSO4 ·2H2O(i) and F-CDs@SrSO4(l).(m)Photographs of the nine F-CDs/inorganic nanocomposites upon UV excitation and after removal of UV excitation. Steady-state photoluminescence emission spectra of Ca, Sr and Ba carbonates(n), sulphates(o) and oxalates(p) F-CDs/inorganic nanocomposites[69]. Copyright 2019, Nature
图7 CDs乙醇溶液(a,a'),CDs粉(b, b'),CDs@SiO2膜(c,c')和CDs@SiO2粉(d,d')在日光(上)和紫外灯(下)的图片[70]
Fig. 7 The pictures of CDs ethanol solution(a, a'), CDs powder(b, b'), CD@SiO2 film(c, c') and CD@SiO2 powder(d, d') under daylight(up) and ultraviolet(down) lamps[70]. Copyright 2018,Elsevier
图8 (a,b)CDs水溶液和Zr-MOF的激发和发射光谱图;(c) 在365 nm激发下CDs、Zr-MOF、CDs@Zr-MOF荧光发射图;(d)CDs、Zr-MOF和CDs@Zr-MOF荧光衰变图[71]
Fig. 8 (a,b)Excitation and emission spectra of CDs aqueous solution and Zr-MOF.(c) PL emission spectra of CDs, Zr-MOF and CDs@Zr-MOF excited under 365 nm.(d)PL decays of CDs(blue), Zr-MOF(red) and CDs@Zr-MOF(black)[71]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry
表1 各种前驱体和制备方法得到CDs的光学性能及其应用
Table 1 Summary of optical properties and applications of the CDs from various precursors and preparation methods
Precursor Method Synthesized CDs Size/nm Ex/nm Em/nm QY/% Application ref
CA
Urea
starch		 water(MW, 750 W,
5 min)
chemical adsorption		 g-CDs
CDs@starch
(mass ratio:1:70)		 2~20[89]
20~40
(μm)		 420
420		 540
515		 18
50		 LEDs,
temperature
sensors		 63
CA
Urea
BaCl2,Na2SO4		 water(MW, 750 W,
5 min)
electrostatic adsorption		 g-CDs
CDs@BaSO4		 2~20
60~150		 405
405		 522
520		 17
27		 LEDs 64
CA, ethylenediamine
Zn(Ac)·2H2O, KOH
APTES		 water(300 ℃, 5 h)
stirring
electrostatic adsorption		 CDs
ZnO
CDs-ZnO@APTES		 2~10
4~6
2~10		 300
370
365		 450
540
450~540		 49 WLEDs 65
AAPMS, CA
KBr,KCl,NaCl		 (240 ℃, 1 h)
physical embedding		 CDs
CDs@salt		 360
360		 440
440		 LEDs 58, 66
CA, Urea
NaCl		 water(MW, 750 W,
5 min)
physical embedding		 g-CDs
CDs@NaCl		 2~5
2~5
(μm)		 405
405		 522
510		 14
25		 WLEDs 67
CA, L-cysteine
TMA-POSS		 water(200 ℃, 3 h)
physical embedding		 CDs
CDs@TMA-POSS
(2×105:1)		 3.0~6.5 200~400
260~400		 420
415		 78
60		 solid-state lighting
devices		 68, 90
sodiumfolate
CaCl2·2H2O,Na2CO3
SrCl2·6H2O,Na2CO3
BaCl2,Na2CO3
CaCl2·2H2O,Na2SO4
SrCl2·6H2O,Na2SO4
BaCl2,Na2SO4
CaCl2·2H2O,Na2C2O4
SrCl2·6H2O,Na2C2O4
BaCl2,Na2C2O4		 water(200 ℃, 12 h) F-CNDs
F-CNDs@CaCO3
F-CNDs@SrCO3
F-CNDs@BaCO3
F-CNDs@CaSO4·2H2O
F-CNDs@SrSO4
F-CNDs@BaSO4
F-CNDs@CaC2O4·H2O
F-CNDs@SrC2O4·H2O
F-CNDs@BaC2O4·0.5H2O		 3~5 320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320		 398
398
398
398
398
398
398
398
398
398		 11
6.8
3.2
0.5
7.2
1.7
0.0
2.7
0.3
0.6		 theranostic agents
forbackgroundless bio-imaging
pH-responsive controlled-
release materials		 69
Precursor Method Synthesized CDs Size/nm Ex/nm Em/nm QY/% Application ref
PPDA
KH-792		 ethanol(180 ℃,6 h)
physical embedding		 CDs
CDs@silica powder		 4.0~9.0 365~525
385~525		 600
597		 52.46
41.72		 LEDs 70
CA, urea
H4L, benzoic acid
ZrOCl2·8H2O, DMF
AEATMS		 ammonia water
(MW,700 W,6 min)
(120 ℃,72 h)		 CDs

CDs@Zr-MOF
(dispersed in AEATMS)		 4 365

365		 450

450
511
550		 22

37		 WLEDs 71
ethylene glycol
DMF		 (200 ℃, 5 h)
ethylenediamine modification
surface functionalization		 N-CDs
CDs@DMF
(VN-CDs/VDMF :0.25)		 1~5 445
445		 new devices
and materials		 73, 91
CA
SBA-15		 water(200 ℃, 5 h)
ammonia solution
(200 ℃,5 h)
surface functionalization		 CDs
CDs@SBA-15		 3.0
9.5		 400
340		 480
410		 sensing 74, 92
CA
NH2-POSS		 water(200 ℃, 5 h)
surface functionalization		 CDs
CDs@NH2-POSS		 2~7
2~9		 300~380
300~380		 445
450		 6.4
10.2		 composite fillers 75, 93
CA
H2O2		 ammonia water
(MW,650 W,5 min)
(70 ℃,2 h)
surface functionalization		 CDs
Ox-CDs
Ox-CDs powder		 2~4
2~4
2~4		 330~370
340~370
270~500		 435
435
520		 21
17
25		 solid-state lightning,
high-speed VLC,
LEDs		 76
PVA,EDA

PVA

PVA,DETA

PVA,TEPA		 water(220 ℃, 10 h)

water(220 ℃, 10 h)

water(220 ℃, 10 h)

water(220 ℃, 10 h)		 CDs220 aqueous solution
CDs220 powder
PVA220 aqueous solution
PVA220 powder
d-CDs220 aqueous solution
d-CDs220 powder
t-CDs220 aqueous solution
t-CDs220 powder		 9 340
340

365
350
365
360
365
540

460
450
580
470
550		 35

1

20

22		 LEDs 78
Tween 80 phosphoric acid,
sulfuric acid(90 ℃, 3 h)
one-step carbonization		 CDs(CH2Cl2)

CDs powder		 3.5~5.3 363

365		 435

455		 2.1

2.0		 visualizationoffing-erprints,LEDs 79
trisodium

citrate dehydrate
urea		 DMF(160 ℃, 4 h)
In-situ embedding
DMAC(160 ℃, 4 h)
In-situ embedding
DEF(160 ℃, 4 h)
In-situ embedding		 CDs11 aqueous solution
CDs11powder
CDs12 aqueous solution
CDs12powder
CDs21 aqueous solution
CDs21powder
400

100~500

300~500		 422
422
412
412
414
414
537

530

513		 20.8
21.6
14.9
18.7
17.5
17.6		 WLEDs,
fluorescent plates		 80
Al(OiPr)3
H3PO4
HF
Al(OiPr)3
H3PO4		 trimethylamine
triethylene glycol
(180 ℃, 3 days)
4,7,10-trioxa-1,
13-tridecanediamine triethylene glycol
(180 ℃, 3 days)		 CDs@AlPO-5


CDs@2D-AlPO		 3.7 nm


3.5 nm		 370


370		 430


440		 15.53


52.14		 smart material in
dual-mode security protection		 81
Al(OiPr)3
H3PO4		 MgHPO4 ·3H2O,H2O
4,7,10-trioxa-1,
13-tridecanediamine
(180 ℃, 3 days)
In-situ embedding		 CDs@MgAPO-5 3.4 nm 370 425 22.77
MA,DTSA acetic acid
(180 ℃,10 h)		 H-CDs(acetic acid)
H-CD powder		 4~10
4~10		 360
559		 467
620		 5.96 luminescence ink,
encryption tool		 82
CA,Urea,CaCl2 vacuum heating v-CDs(ethanol solution) 4.1 380~430 510~514 72 encryption medium 83
CA,L-cysteine
KCl		 one-pot microwave
heating(5 min)		 CDs solution
(0.2 mg·mL-1)
CDs powder		 2.1 340~380

430~500		 435

500~620		 84

65		 WLEDs 84
图9 (a,b)固态组装的SEM图像;(c)网状沉淀的SEM,(d)N-CD溶液、固态组装、网状沉淀和不含N-CDs粉末的荧光谱;(e)席夫碱形成原理图[73]
Fig. 9 (a,b) SEM images of the solid assemblies.(c) SEM image of the ramified precipitates.(d) PL spectra of N-CD’s solution, solid assemblies, ramified precipitates and powders without N-CDs.(e) Schematic diagram of Schiff base formation[73]. Copyright 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry
图10 (a)CDs@SBA-15形成原理图;(b)NCDs和NCDS@SBA-15的荧光激发和发射谱;(c)NCDs@SBA-15在水、浓盐酸和氨水溶液中的荧光谱(λex=340 nm);(d)CDs@SBA-15在紫外灯下照片[74]
Fig. 10 (a) Schematic diagram of CDs@SBA-15, (b) PL excitation and emission spectra of NCDs and NCDs@SBA-15.(c) PL spectra of NCDs@SBA-15 in water, concentrated HCl and ammonia solution(λex=340 nm).(d) Photographs of CDs@SBA-15 under UV light[74]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry
图11 (a)CDs和ox-CDs水溶液的紫外-可见吸收光谱;(b)CDs和ox-CDs固相的漫反射吸收光谱[76]
Fig. 11 (a) UV-visible absorption spectra of CDs and ox-CDs aqueous solutions.(b) Diffuse reflection absorption spectra of solid phases of CDs and ox-CDs[76]. Copyright 2018, Wiley
图12 (a),(b)CDs220乙醇溶液的TEM图;(c)不同浓度CDs220水溶液和CDs220粉末在340 nm激发下的荧光发射图谱;(d)d-CDs220(1),t-CDs220(2),CDs220(3),PVA220(4)和CDs220@淀粉(5)在日光(上)和紫外光(下)的图像;(e)以上粉体的固态荧光图谱[78]
Fig. 12 (a), (b) TEM images of CDs220 ethanol solution.(c) Fluorescence emission spectra of CDs220 aqueous solution and CDs220 powders excited at 340 nm.(d) Images of d-CDs220(1), t-CDs220(2), CDs220(3), PVA220(4) and CDs220@starch(5) under daylight(top) and ultraviolet(bottom). (e) Solid-state fluorescence spectra of the above powders[78]. Copyright 2015, Wiley
图13 CDs粉末制备路线原理图[79]
Fig. 13 Schematic diagram of CDs powders preparation route[79]. Copyright 2018,Elsevier
图14 (a) CDs11粉的原位形成过程示意图;(b)CDs12粉末TEM图;(c)CDs21粉末TEM图[80]
Fig. 14 (a) Schematic of in situ formation process of CDs11 powder.(b) TEM image of CDs12 powder.(c) TEM image of CDs21 powder[80]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier
图15 (a) CDs@AlPO-5复合材料的SEM图(左)和在紫外、蓝光和绿光激发下的荧光图(右);(b)CDs@2D-AlPO复合材料的SEM图(左)和在紫外、蓝光和绿光激发下的荧光图(右);(c)CDs@MgAPO-5复合材料的SEM图(左)和在紫外、蓝光和绿光激发下的荧光图(右);(d)CDs@AlPO-5在室温下的荧光衰变图[81]
Fig. 15 (a)SEM image(left) and fluorescence microscopy images(right) excited under UV, blue and green light of CDs @AlPO-5 composite.(b)SEM image(left) and fluorescence microscopy images(right) excited under UV, blue and green light of CDs@2D-AlPO composite.(c)SEM image(left) and fluorescence microscopy images(right) excited under UV, blue and green light of CDs@MgAPO-5.(d)PL decays of CDs@AlPO-5 at room temperature[81]. Copyright 2017, Science
图16 (a)蓝色H-CDs单体和红色团聚体;(b)H-CDs从分散到团聚体形成原理图;(c)蓝色荧光猝灭和红色荧光打开原理(左)和H-CDs的表面和核心结构(右)[82]
Fig. 16 (a) The schematic diagram of blue H-CDs monomers and red aggregates.(b) The schematic diagram of H-CDs formation from dispersion to aggregate.(c) Principle of blue fluorescence quenching and red fluorescence opening(left) and proposed surface and core structure of H-CDs(right)[82]. Copyright 2019,Nature
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摘要

固态荧光碳点的制备