A chiral amine catalyst can generate polyconjugated trienamine intermediates with polyunsaturated carbonyl compounds. As such, the electron-donating property of the amine catalyst can be transmitted along the C C bonds, raising the HOMO energy of the polyconjugated enamine systems. As a result, highly asymmetric Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions with a variety of electron-deficient alkenes could occur at the remote β, ε- or δ, ε-positions of trienamines, which can efficiently produce a wide range of chiral cyclic substances with highly structural diversity and complexity. This catalytic strategy not only successfully realizes the direct functionalizations of carbonyl compounds at the remote ε-position, but also excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivity could be obtained even though the reactive ε-site is seven bounds away from the chiral center of amine catalyst. In this respect, this catalytic protocol is of great usefulness and importance in organic synthesis because the related compounds are hard to be prepared using the conventional methods. In the review, we summarize the discovery and the development of asymmetric trienamine catalysis over the past few years, with emphasis on the asymmetric reactions of 2, 4-dienals, various types of dienones, and aromatic compounds specifically functionalized with a carbonyl group, via trienamine, cross-conjugated trienamine or formal trienamine catalysis. In addition, the future development of chiral amines is also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Asymmetric reactions of 2,4-dienals through trienamine catalysis
3 Asymmetric reactions of 2,4-dienals through cross-conjugated trienamine catalysis
4 Asymmetric reactions of dienones through trienamine catalysis
5 Asymmetric reactions of aromatic compounds through formal trienamine catalysis
6 Conclusion and outlook

Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) has become an indispensable tool for tailoring of structures and properties of the polymer/inorganic and polymer/organic surfaces. However, traditional SI-ATRP always suffers from limitations such as rigorous synthetic protocols, heavy consumption of monomers and limited ability to control the polymerization process. Recently, many efforts have been taken to dramatically increase the scope of living radical polymerization through the development of new strategies to regulate the activation and deactivation steps by using a wide range of external stimuli, including electrochemistry, light and chemical reagent. We expect that this review will present a broad introduction to the field of the SI-ATRP research.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization(SI-ATRP)
2.1 Initiation
2.2 Propagation
2.3 Termination
3 New methods for SI-ATRP
3.1 Electrochemically mediated ATRP
3.2 Photochemically mediated ATRP
3.3 Chemicals mediated ATRP
4 Characterization of the polymer brush
5 Conclusion

Surface energy and surface topography are two key factors in the wettability of solid substrates. The surface energy determines the contact angle (CA) of a liquid on a flat substrate and the geometrical factor enhances the wetting property for a hydrophilic surface (or non-wetting for a hydrophobic surface). Applying external stimuli is a valuable approach for rendering the change in surface chemistry and/or topography, and for driving the wettability transition of smart surfaces. This review describes the current state-of-the-art research on the reversibly switchable wettability of surface brought about by external stimuli, including surface conversion between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity prepared from inorganic oxides or/and photoactive organic molecules, movement of liquid droplets driven by molecular machines, and light-driven switching of superhydrophobic adhesion.

Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Basic theory of surface wettability
1.2 Photoresponsive materials
2 Inorganic-oxide-based photoresponsive surfaces
3 Organic-compound-based photoresponsive surfaces
3.1 Non-azobenzene compound photoresponsive surfaces
3.2 Azobenzene compound photoresponsive surfaces
4 Conclusion

The complicated reverse aggregates of surfactants in non-polar organic solvents are reviewed. So far, most of reverse wormlike micelles and reverse vesicles are formed by lecithin and only a few by some derivatives or sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT). All these amphiphilies are soluble in non-polar organic solvents. Suitable molecular packing geometry is always required for the construction of reverse wormlike micelles or reverse vesicles. The new method developed by Raghavan group to prepare organic solutions made single inorganic salts possible as effective conditioning agents to improve the molecular packing geometry, which progresses the study of reverse wormlike micelles. Some suggestions are made so as to expand the investigations about the complicated reverse aggregates of surfactants in non-polar organic solvents, which include the role of water added, the preparing methods, the surfactant dissolution upon the aggregate formation, and the improvement of surfactant molecular geometry, etc.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Summary on complicated reverse aggregates
3 The role of trace-water in reverse aggregation

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of crystalline coordination-based compounds in which metal ions (or metal clusters) are bridged via multitopic organic ligands to form infinite network structures. The organic ligands and metal clusters in the structures of MOFs could be served as carbon source and metal source, respectively. Fabrication of advanced functional materials from MOF precursors becomes one of the most popular research topics in MOFs chemistry and functional materials field. In this paper, the research progress of advanced functional materials derived from MOFs in recent years is reviewed. Synthesis methods of carbon materials (e.g. nanoporous carbon, carbon nanodots, carbon nanotubes), metal oxide nanomaterials (e.g. monometal oxide: Fe₂O₃, ZnO, Co₃O₄, MgO, In₂O₃, multimetal oxide nanocomposites: Gd₂O₃/Eu₂O₃, Fe₂O₃@TiO₂), and metal oxide/carbon nanocomposites (e.g. Fe₂O₃/C, ZnO/C) derived from MOFs are introduced. The applications of these advanced functional materials in the fields such as supercapacitor, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst, hydrogen storage, CO₂ capture and photocatalyst of photocatalytic hydrogen production are presented. Besides, an outlook for future development of advanced functional materials derived from MOFs is given.

Contents
2 Synthesis methods and applications of advanced functional materials derived from MOFs
2.1 Carbon materials derived from MOFs
2.2 Metal oxide nanomaterials derived from MOFs
2.3 Metal oxide/carbon nanocomposites derived from MOFs
3 Conclusion

Cucurbit uril (CB ), a new family of molecular hosts comprising n glycoluril units, has gained much attention in recent years for its exceptional molecular recognition ability. CB can construct well-defined nanoscopic supramolecular architectures by covalent or non-covalent methods, which is expected to get new nano-materials with unique function. The introduction of macrocyclic hosts CB may endow corresponding CB assemblies with novel physicochemical properties, which show a wide range of intriguing applications in the reaction vessels, surfactant, carrier, vesicle, molecular switch, as well as in the ISEs. In this review, we mainly summarize recent progresses in directing the formation of the desirable superstructures through introducing macrocyclic hosts CB . Finally, the prospects of CB in the future are described. It is hopeful that this review can provide a sophisticated pathway for further designing fascinating CB based on nanoscopic supramolecular architectures.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis and separation
2.1 Synthesis and separation of CB
2.2 Functionalization of CB
3 Application
3.1 Reaction vessel
3.2 Carrier
3.3 Molecular switch
3.4 Supramolecular hydrogel
3.5 Iimmobilization of CB on solid
3.6 Pollutants and dye adsorption
3.7 Vesicle
3.8 ISEs
3.9 Artificial ion channels
3.10 The interaction between CB and surfactant
3.11 The other lastest applications of CB
4 Conclusions and outlook

Inspired by the strong adhesive proteins secreted by mussels for attachment onto a wide range of substrates in wet condition, some reports indicated that polydopamine (PDA) possesses the similar structure and strong adhesion to those of adhesive proteins. PDA film can be formed on the surface of substrate in alkaline solution expeditiously, which results in the improvement of the hydrophily and the chemical versatility of substrate due to the hydrophilic hydroxyl and amino groups of PDA. The PDA layer can be used as an intermediate to anchor functional molecules on the surface through chemical bonds (by Michael addition or Schiff base reaction) or other physical bonds (hydrogen bond or van der Waals' force). PDA surface modification strategy is extremely useful because the process is simple and solvent-free. Moreover, due to the improvement of cell adhesion and biocompatibility, PDA has been widely used in surface modification of biomaterials. In this review, adhesive mechanism and application of PDA in surface modification of biomaterials have been summarized. In addition, the problems existed and the promising prospects of the application of PDA in biomaterials are pointed out.This review also provides useful information for the potential application of PDA in biomaterials and tissue engineering.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Formation process and mechanism of PDA
3 Application of PDA
3.1 Increasing the hydrophilicity of biomaterials with PDA
3.2 Immobilizing drugs or growth factors with PDA
3.3 Immobilizing silver nanoparticles with PDA
3.4 Immobilizing proteins with PDA
3.5 Increasing the biocompatibility of substrates with PDA
3.6 Inducing mineralization on the surface of substrates with PDA
3.7 Application of PDA in other aspects
4 Conclusion and outlook

The searching of ideal bone repair materials has always been one of research hot spots in the field of orthopedics. Natural bones are nanocomposites mainly composed of nano-hydroxyapatite and collagen. Nano-hydroxyapatite/polymer composites, derived from imitation of natural hard tissue, combine polymer matrix with high toughness and nano-hydroxyapatite crystals with high rigidity. These nanocomposites have high toughness since they maximize the complementary advantages. Structure factors are equally important to composition for the high performance of these composites, which include architectural organization and controlled orientation in different dimensions. Nano-hydroxyapatite/polymer composite materials have become a research hot spot and development direction in the field of bone tissue repair materials. This paper summarizes the research progress and status in the aspects of preparation and properties of these materials used for the repair of body hard tissue, and predicts its future development.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Nano-hydroxyapatite/natural polymer composites
2.1 Nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen composite
2.2 Nano-hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin composite
2.3 Nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite
3 Nano-hydroxyapatite/synthetic polymer composites
3.1 Nano-hydroxyapatite/polylactic acid composite
3.2 Nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide composite
3.3 Nano-hydroxyapatite/polyethylene composite
3.4 Nano-hydroxyapatite/other polymer composites
4 Conclusion and outlooks

The course of evolution in nature endows some organisms with distinguished ability of constructing complex inorganic structures that have intricate and multi-scale ordered structures, special functionalities and species-specific genetic characteristics. Therefore, learning from nature and biomimetic mineralization become one of important approaches to advanced materials. Research on the biomineralization indicate that certain biomolecules play a key important role during the biosilica formation. For example, silaffins and long chain polyamine extracted from diatom and silicateins from sponges, control the nucleation and growth of silicious species at a molecular level by manipulating the interfacial interactions between organic molecules and inorganic species, and therefore result in the generation of biosilica with organized hierarchical structures. Simulating the biomineralization process, people have prepared silica nanomaterials with various morphologies, structures and properties based on the designed organic molecules during the recent decades. In this review, four sections are involved. Firstly, we introduce the results about the formation mechanism of biosilica including the identification of bioextracts and their functions, catalyzing and stabilizing mechanisms, morphology generation of biosilica. Secondly but importantly, we review the recent progress in biomimetic synthesis of silica. This content can also be divided into four units, bioextracts regulating biosilicification, artificial synthetic molecules mediating mineralization, external forces driving morphogenesis and tools in biomimetic mineralization. Thirdly, we introduc the potential application of biomimeticly synthesized silica in cell culture, drug and gene delivery system, catalysis, separation and detection, protecting biomolecules and functional materials construction. Finally, we point out the problems of the present researches and give some resolution, and then present some likely main research direction in this field.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Biomineralizing mechanisms
2.1 Extracts from biosilica
2.2 Catalyzing mechanism of organic molecules
2.3 Stabilizing mechanism of organic molecules
2.4 Regulation on structures and morphologies of silica
3 Biomimetic synthesis and structure regulation of silica
3.1 Biomimetic mineralization templated by bioextracts
3.2 Biomimetic mineralization mediated by artificial synthetic molecules
3.3 Environmental effects on biomimetic mineralization
3.4 Tools in biomimetic mineralization
4 Application of the biomimeticly synthesized silica
4.1 Scaffolds for cell culture
4.2 Separation, gene and drug delivery
4.3 Protection for biomolecules and catalytic center
4.4 Preparation of functional materials and catalysis
5 Problems and outlook

Water is one of the main components in life system. Taking water molecules in life system as an object, aquaphotomics studies the structural changes of water with perturbations on the system by using spectroscopic techniques. Therefore, aquaphotomics understands the interaction of water with other molecules or the function of water in life systems on molecular level. Aquaphotomics of near infrared spectroscopy focuses on studying the effect of perturbations on the near infrared spectrum of water by multivariate analysis methods. Perturbations generally include the variation of concentrations, temperature, pressure, etc., and can be achieved by adding extra components to a solution or even illumination. Diseases or damages of a life system can also be known as a perturbation. Multivariate analysis methods are used to analyze the spectra acquired under the defined perturbation for extracting the water absorbance patterns (WAPs) in the spectra. Then the WAPs, i.e., the perturbation-induced variation in the spectra can be used to investigate the biological systems. As a result, a non-invasive monitoring of life systems can be achieved by using the technique. The concept, research contents, methods and applications of aquaphotomics of near infrared spectroscopy are summarized in this paper.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Aquaphotomics
2.1 Concept
2.2 Aquaphotome
2.3 Water absorbance parrerns
2.4 Extended water mirror approach
3 Methods
3.1 PCA
3.2 PLS
3.3 EFA
3.4 MCR-ALS
3.5 2DCOS
4 Applications
4.1 Material structure
4.2 Quantitative determination
4.3 Disease diagnosis
5 Conclusion

Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a mass-sensitive device, and has been attracting intensive attention in the field of gas sensor because of its many advantages such as high sensitivity, low cost, easy installation and inherent ability to monitor analytes in real time. Sensing material is a key issue for the range of application of QCM sensors. This paper reviews the current research status of sensing materials for specific gases, including polymers, supermolecules, ionic liquids, molecular liquids and nanomaterials. The current status and sensing mechanisms of QCM sensors using nanomaterials as sensing layer are introduced in detail. On the basis of the research status, a prospect is given of sensing materials. As a low-cost, easy operation, high-accuracy gas detection device, QCM would be more widely applied in the future.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Polymers functionalized QCM sensors
2.1 Humidity detection
2.2 Agent stimulant detection
2.3 VOCs detection
3 Supermolecules functionalized QCM sensors
3.1 Inorganic gas pollutants detection
3.2 VOCs detection
4 Ionic liquids and molecular liquids functionalized QCM sensors
4.1 VOCs detection
4.2 Non-volatility compounds detection
5 Nanomaterials functionalized QCM sensors
5.1 Humidity detection
5.2 Inorganic gas pollutants detection
5.3 VOCs detection
5.4 HCN and agent stimulant detection
6 Conclusion and outlook

The enzymatic probe based on nano-bioconjugate have been studied extensively for many years for their novel electronic, photonic and electrochemical properties. This review summarizes major advances in the gold nanoparticles(GNPs) biocongjugate probes to detect enzyme activity. This is followed by a discussion of the assays in colorimetric, fluorescence and other assays. Throughout the review, a detailed explanation of the unique designs will be presented, and the benefits and shortcomings of these approaches will be highlighted. The review concludes with a brief perspective on future research directions, and remaining barriers that must be overcome for the successful application of these technologies.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Principle of enzyme activity detection based on GNPs
2.1 Colorimetric assays
2.2 FRET-based assays
2.3 Other assays
3 Neglected enzymes in the field of sensors
4 Conclusion

In recent years immunotherapy has been developed as a promising oncotherapy strategy after surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Immunotherapy has been widely used in the treatment of cancer including a variety of approaches. It is interesting that the overall efficiency of therapeutic cancer vaccines can be greatly improved when nanoparticle-based adjuvants are used. Significant efforts have been made to synthesize diverse nanoparticles which can fundamentally achieve surface modification and functionalization. In this review, we introduce the role of multifunctional nanoparticle-based adjuvants used in cancer vaccines, particularly focusing on synthesis methods of different types of nanoparticles and therapeutic effects of vaccines. In addition, some new ideas about nanotechnology used in cancer immunotherapy are summarized. Finally, the preliminary analysis and perspective on applying nanotechnology to overcoming the challenges of cancer vaccines are presented.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Multifunctional nanoparticle-based adjuvants in cancer vaccines
2.1 Protection and controlled release of antigens
2.2 Co-delivery of antigens and immunopotentiators to the same APC
2.3 Immunostimulatory characteristic
2.4 Targeting draining lymph nodes
2.5 Formation of cross-presentation
3 New ideas on nanotechnology used in cancer vaccines
3.1 Self-assembled DNA nanostructures
3.2 Nanoscale artificial antigen presenting cells
3.3 Cancer cell membrane-coated nanoparticles
3.4 Multifunctional nanorods
3.5 Multifunctional Fe₃O₄-CdSe/ZnS nanoclusters
3.6 Chitosan-coated hollow copper sulfide nanoparticles
4 The influence of administration route on immune response
5 The dilemma of cancer vaccines
6 Outlook

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the world's second largest general plastic. 30% of PVC are flexible products and have been extensively used in artificial leather, food packing, electric wire, children's toys, etc. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is the most widely used plasticizer in flexible PVC for it's excellent performances, such as good compatibility with PVC, high plasticizing efficiency, low cost, no effect on safety and electrical insulation of products, and so on. But DEHP is a small molecule compound and is associated with PVC through secondary bond rather than chemical bond, and its content is usually as high as 30~50 wt%, thus it can easily migrate from PVC matrix into external medium, which causes deterioration of flexible PVC's properties and environmental pollution. In sensitive areas such as children's toys and medical devices, migration of DEHP can also be hazardous to human health. So migration of DEHP has aroused wide concern and is exigent to be solved. In this paper, issues caused by migration of DEHP and the current bans and controversies on its usage are introduced. Then the countermeasures and recent scientific approaches in dealing with these issues are comprehensively reviewed. In the end, advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches are summarized in order to research more in-depth and more effectively in the near future.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Migration of DEHP and its controversies
3 Use restrictions and bans of DEHP
4 Solutions to reduce migration of plasticizers in flexible PVC
4.1 Migration resistant plasticizers
4.2 Increasing interactions between plasticizer and PVC
4.3 Surface treatment
5 Conclusion and outlook

Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ as anode materials for lithium ion batteries has been widely studied because of its excellent rate performance and cycle performance, but the low specific capacity (175 mAh/g) limits its application in the future. Compared with Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, niobium based oxides have similar lithium ion insertion/extraction potential and higher specific capacity. In addition,they also have good rate performance and promising to be new anode materials with high power performance, that have got increasing researchers' attention in recent years. In this paper,the crystal structure, electrochemical performance and lithium ion insertion/extraction mechanism of various niobium based oxides materials (Nb₂O₅, TiNb₂O₇, LiNb₃O₈, etc.) are reviewed. The effects on lithium ion transfer and storage performance originate from component, particle morphology and preparation technology are discussed. Meanwhile, the influencing mechanism is also summarized. In addition, the generality in electrochemical lithium insertion and extraction behavior of niobium based oxides materials, the differences and similarities compared with Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ are summarized the tendency and prospect of them as anode materials for high power lithium ion batteries in the end are also discussed.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Research status of Nb-based oxides anode materials for lithium ion battery
2.1 Niobium oxides
2.2 Titanium niobium oxides
2.3 Lithium niobium oxides
2.4 Potassium niobium oxides
2.5 Vanadium niobium oxides
2.6 Other niobium based oxides
3 Understand of intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ion for niobium based oxide
4 Summary

Vehicle fuel cells include proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), metal/air fuel cell, etc. The PEMFC is the most promising candidate for automobile application. Through over a decade continuous research and development all over the world, the performances of PEMFC, such as energy efficiency, volume and mass power density, low temperature start ability, have attained breakthrough progress. A new round of fuel cell automobile industrialization has been being approached. However, the properties of durability and cost of the PEMFC system have not met the target of industrialization, and the state of art of durability and cost become the obstacles of PEMFC automobiles industrialization. The novel key materials and components used in the PEMFC should be focused on in the future study, and must be further researched and developed for the two obstacles resolution and the PEMFC industrialization promotion. In this paper, based on a large number of current research articles, the progress and achievement of key materials and components for PEMFC, include proton exchange membrane, catalyst layer, gas diffusion layer, bipolar plate, have been detailed analyzed and classified reviewed. The gap between their state of art and the target of industrialization is analyzed and the emphasis development direction in the future is summarized based on the key materials and components.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Proton exchange membrane
3 Catalyst layer
3.1 Catalysts
3.2 Support materials for catalysts
3.3 Fabrication technology of catalyst layer
4 Gas diffusion layer
5 Bipolar plate
6 Summary and outlook