Capacity fade is an obstacle to commercialize the lithium manganese oxide spinel . Unwanted side reac2 tions due to active material dissolution ,electrolyte decomposition ,passive filmformation ,and other phenomeana occur dur2 ing overcharge of overdischarge and cause the capacity loss or fade in these bateeries. The recent advances in capacity fade mechanisms of the spinel Li2Mn2O are reviewed , and different mechanisms are discussed and summarized. Some methods to reduce capacity fade and the development of the spinel Li2Mn2O are proposed.

Titania is the promising material for its application in photocatalysis and photoelectric conversion. But its large band gap energy limits the practical application in the case of natural solar light , so the development of visible light2 responsive titania is one of the most important subjects of the research. Recently , the progress has been made in the area of extending the light absorption of titania into visible light region by metal cation doping , metalloid anion doping , ion implantation and photosensitization. The modification methods to enable titania to operate under visible light are dealt with in this review.

The molecular structure , configuration and the environmental effect on the fluorescence emission of or2 ganic compounds are tremendous important . The emissive behavior and mechanism are discussed with the decay process of excited state of compounds , especially , with the photo2physics and photochemistry , such as the molecular structure hin2 drance and the bridging structure ; the photo2induced charge transfer , electron transfer and their transformation ; the twist2 ed intra2molecular charge transfer (TICT) ; the interaction between emissive molecule and molecule of solvents and the fa2 vorable configuration existed in the process of molecular emission. The study and grasp of theory and knowledge in this field will be useful for the design and synthesis of compounds with high fluorescence quantum yield , and will be useful for the explanation of different behaviors occurred in experiments , and for the application of these compounds in different condition. In this paper , a large amount of examples of emissive compounds have been listed and discussed in detail

The equilibrium data of solvent2polymer systems are important to industrial processes , while they are very difficult to be obtained directly because of the complexity of the systems. It appears to be vital to obtain the data of solvent2polymer systems accurately by establishing thermodynamic models. This work presents a review of the four impor2 tant thermodynamic models , e. g. , UNIFAC , UNIQUAC , Flory2Huggins (FH) and ENSIC. Generally , they all can be used to predict the phase equilibriumof polymer2solvent systems. Of those , UNIFAC model is used most often , FH model is the simplest , ENISC model is showed to be the most accurate and UNIQUAC model is seemed to be applicable to most of the systems.

Chemical sensors are highly valuable in a variety of fields such as environmental chemistry , analytic chemistry , and bio2medicinal science. They provide accurate , on2line , and low2cost detection of toxic heavy metal ions with high selectivity and sensitivity. The progress that has been achieved for the chemical sensors of Pb2 + , Hg2 + and Cd2 + is reviewed.

Diamond has received great interest for its excellent physical and chemical properties since several hundred years ago. Highly boron2doped diamond (BDD) polycrystalline thin films fabricated by CVD opened newfrontiers of diamond thin film application in electrochemical fields. As a new carbon2based electrode material , BDD electrode is superior to many other carbon2based and metal electrode materials. It possesses many unique electrochemical properties , including a wide potential window , very low background current , and extreme chemical stability to deactivation via fouling. Several important applications of BDD electrode in electroanalysis , electrosynthesis and electrochemical wastewater treatment are summarized.

The influence factors of synthesizing nanosized zeolite are reviewed. There are many ways to decrease zeolite’s diameter in synthesizing nanosized zeolite , such as by adding dispersing agents , dispersing medium , mineral agents , initiating agents , seeds , decreasing the alkali metal ion and improving technical process.

The special performance of hydrogen generation using plasmas from various feedstocks is discussed. For a large scale of hydrogen production from natural gas , plasma technology can eliminate the use of catalysts and shrink the reactor space , with its high input power density. For a small scale of hydrogen production fromother hydrocarbons , using plasma can increase the flexibility of the whole system , especially in the case of on2board hydrogen generation. A variety of plasma resources for the design of a plasma reformer will give many options to reduce the power consumption.

The artificial enzymes, which are prepared by cleavage reagents of nucleic acid conjugated to a synthet ic oligodeoxyribonucleotide, can selectively cleave DNA or RNA. It provides a new method of the molecular design of artifi?? cial nuclease. In this review the conjugation mode of metal complex with an oligodeoxyribonucleotide and the interaction mechanism of the artificial enzymes with the targets are described, and the research direction in future is pointed out .

The principle of sol2gel method ,the preparation procedures of organicPinorganic hybrid optical functional materials and the pre2doped ,post2doped and in2situ synthesis techniques are introduced. Luminescent rare earth hybrid materials , waveguide materials and photochromic materials are discussed in detail . The future development of optical hy2 brid materials is presented.

The effects and mechanisms of microwave2assisted photocatalysis are reviewed in this paper , and the in2 fluence factors on treatment effect , such as mass of catalyst , light source , dissolved oxygen and temperature are reviewed in detail . The prospect of microwave2assisted photocatalysis is forcasted.

Recent developments on catalytic oxidation systems are reviewed , in which hydrogen peroxide or molecu2 lar oxygen is used as clean oxidant . Many different kinds of catalysts including polyoxometalates , metal complex , NHPI and other catalysts are summarized. The focus is especially on their constitutes and catalytic efficiency. Advantages and disadvantages of each kind of catalytic system are also discussed.

Processes such as cell-cell recognition and signal transduction often depend on the formation of multiple receptor-ligand complexes at the cell surface. The synthesis of multivalent dendritic glyco-ligands is an important approach to investigate the interactions of carbohydrate-protein and carbohydrate-carbohydrate. The research progress of multivalent dendritic glyco-ligands in recent years is reviewed , including the glyco-ligands based on dendritic polymer , calix[4 ]arenes , cyclodextrins , carbohydrate scaffolds.

There is a history of more than 90 years about Maillard reaction. Many papers indicated that the products of Maillard reaction is closely related to food , diabetes , cataract , Alzheimer’s disease etc. Recently , the research of Maillard reaction is more and more focused on the following aspects : protein crosslinking , melanoidins , kinetic , acrylamide etc. The review is limited on the progress of Maillard reaction in the four aspects.

Conventional Lewis acid catalysts are now of great challenge especially in relation to today' s environmen-tal concerns. The use of perfluoroalkylsulfonate and bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide complexes as homogeneous and high-efficient Lewis acid catalysts in organic synthesis has been the subject of numerous publications. For the simplifications of separation and isolation, the immobilized homogeneous catalysts have been made great progress. Recent advances of the perfluoroalkylsulfonate and bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide complexes in heterogeneous catalysis and its preparation and activity when immobilized by organic supports, inorganic supports and ion liquids are reviewed, and the prospect for the heterogeneous catalysts is also proposed.

Conventional Lewis acid catalysts are now of great challenge especially in relation to today. s environmen2 tal concerns. The use of perfluoroalkylsulfonate and bis( perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) imide complexes as homogeneous and high2 efficient Lewis acid catalysts in organic synthesis has been the subject of numerous publications. For the simplifications of separation and isolation, the immobilized homogeneous catalysts have been made great progress. Recent advances of the perfluoroalkylsulfonate and bis( perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) imide complexes in heterogeneous catalysis and its preparation and activity when immobilized by organic supports, inorganic supports and ion liquids are reviewed, and the prospect for the heterogeneous catalysts is also proposed.

Cucurbituril, as a novel synthetic receptor, has attracted considerable attentions of chemists. The su?? pramolecular chemistry of cucurbituril gradually turns into a hot field. In this paper, the recent research progress of cu?? curbituril including synthesis of cucurbituril and their derivat ives, their molecular recognition, molecular catalysis, mo?? lecular assembly is reviewed. The potential development of the research on cucurbituril is prospected.

The methods of the synthesis of polymeric surfactants and their unique characteristics , compared with small??molecule surfactants, are introduced. In term of ionic polymerization, living radical polymerization, condensation polymerizat ion, ring??opening polymerizat ion, chemical reaction of polymer and radical micellar polymerization , the recent advances in the synthesis of polymeric surfactants are reviewed.

This review highlights the recent development of synthesis , characterization and applications of den2 dronized polymers. Two different synthetic routes , e. g. macromonomer route and divergent route , are compared based on the achievable molar mass and structure perfection of the resulted dendronized polymers. A comprehensive overview on the kind of structures presently available for dendronized polymer and the bridge between both polymers and molecular ob2 jects , decorated with only a few dendrons , and the structurally related , but less well defined polymers with hyper2 branched side chains or cross2linked backbone is given. Structure characterization by NMR , GPC and light scattering , together with morphology and bulky properties analysis are detailed. Emphases are applied to nano catalysis , nano bio2 objects , and optic applications.

Self assembly is one of the most prospective methods to overcome the contact problem between electrodes and the molecules of organic functional materials, which has attracted particular attent ion for the construction of molecular electronic devices recently, and became one of the most important directions of molecular electronics development . The application of self??assembly in molecular electronic devices, the prospect and problems are introduced in this paper.