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Progress in Chemistry 2006, No.05 Previous issue Next issue

In this issue:

Review
Molecular Design of Organic Electrophosphorescent Materials: from Host Materials to Guest Materials
Chuanming Wang Quli Fan Yanli Huo Wei Huang
2006, 18 (05): 519-525 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
Organic electrophosphorescent devices can be used to circumvent the limitation in quantum efficiency of organic electroluminescent devices due to the spin-forbidden of triplet exciton transition. Recent progress in organic electrophosphorescent devices and materials is reviewed. The development of host materials and guest materials is discussed, especially the host and guest materials for blue electrophosphorescent devices.
Advances in White Organic Light Emitting Devices Using Phosphorescent Emitters
Qiang Zhao Fuyou Li Chunhui Huang
2006, 18 (05): 526-532 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
Due to the strong spin-orbital mixing, electrophosphorescent emitters can utilize both singlet and triplet excitons. The devices performances of white organic light-emitting devices (WOLEDs) can be improved effectively by incorporating electrophosphorescent emitters. According to the difference of electrophosphorescent WOLEDs structure, recent progress in WOLEDs using phosphorescent emitters is reviewed. 
Asymmetric Photochemistry with Native and Modified Cyclodextrins
Linhui Tong Runhua Lu Yoshihisa Inoue Inoue
2006, 18 (05): 533-541 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
Supramolecular enantiodifferentiating photoisomerization of (Z)-cyclooctene(1Z) to chiral (E)-isomer(1E) has been studied via inclusion and sensitization by modified α-，β-，γ-cyclodextrins(CDs). Quantitative circular dichroism(CD) and differential circular dichroism(DCD) formula are established for studing the conformation, stoichiometry and stability constant of the complexation of 1Z with the modifiedα-,β-, and γ-cyclodextrin derivatives. We found experimentally that the CD spectral change induced upon complexation is a critical function of temperature and concentration of modified β-cyclodextrin. In addition, it is found that the photostationary-state E/Zincreases with increasing irradiation time to reach a photostationary state, but significantly depends on the sensitizer structure and the methanol content in solution,which is directly related to the occupancy of the CD's chiral cavity by guest 1Z. Photosensitizing and enantiodifferentiating abilities of the β-CD-benzoate derivatives,possessing o-,m-,p-mehoxycarbonyl group, are examined to better understand how the effective photoenergy transfer occurs inside the CDs cavity, and the enantiomeric excess (ee) is enhanced from 2.9% to 24% by using the β-CD-phthalate. Interestingly, the product's eeobtained did not show a clear relationship with the substituent's constant (Hammett's σ),it is found to be directly related to the host occupancy for some β-CD-benzoate, i.e. the percentage of host cavity occupied by the substrate 1Z through the analyses of the ee obtained upon the enantiodifferentiating photoisomerization sensitized by several β-CD derivatives in aqueous solutions of varying methanol contents.
Progress in the Study of Solid/Solid Interface between Lithium Electrode and Polymer Electrolytes in Lithium Polymer Batteries
Hu Cheng Tao Li Yong Yang
2006, 18 (05): 542-549 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
Recent advance in the research of solid/solid interface between lithium electrode and polymer electrolytes(PE) in lithium polymer batteries is reviewed. Compared with Li/nonaqueous systems, the electrochemical reaction at the Li/PE interface and the influence of passivation layer on the electrochemical reaction are briefly introduced. The applications of different sophisticated electrochemical methods and spectroscopic methods, especially the in situ analysis techniques in Li/PE solid/solid system are discussed. In addition, different approaches for improving Li/PE interface include surface modifications of Li-metal in the literature are also summarized.
SeleniumCatalyzed Reduction of Nitrobenzenes with CO/H2O Affording Aniline
Xiaozhi Liu Shiwei Lu
2006, 18 (05): 550-555 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
Reduction of nitrobenzenes to prepare anilines is an important process. The progress of the selenium-catalyzed of nitrobenzenes with CO/H2O to prepare anilines is reviewed in detail. The process of selenium-catalyzed reduction with CO/H2O from high pressure reaction to atmospheric reaction is introduced. It is pointed out that the selenium-catalyzed reduction of nitrobenzenes with CO/H2O to prepare anilines in atmosphere is a convenient and environmentally benign method.
Progress on Chitosan-Supported Noble Metal Catalysts
Peng Zhang Pu Liu Xiangyu Wang Limin Li
2006, 18 (05): 556-562 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
The chitosan-supported noble metal catalysts have high catalytic activities and selectivities. As catalysts, they have been applied in the oxidation reactions, hydrogenation reactions, allylic substitution reactions, carbonylation reactions, Suzuki and Heck coupling reactions, asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins and the synthesis of aldehydes and ketones. In this paper, the preparation, structure and the catalytic performance of the catalysts are summarized.
Development of Filling Carbon Nanotubes
Zhiyu Wang Zongbin Zhao Jieshan Qiu
2006, 18 (05): 563-572 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
The progress on the study of filling carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which is expected to allow peculiar physical phenomena to occur and/or novel properties to be obtained, are reviewed on the basis of enormous efforts in this area. Various preparation methods and possible mechanisms involved in the filling process are stated and compared to clarify their advantages and disadvantages. The promising applications in diverse fields and necessary works in the future are briefly outlined.
Chemical Basis in Inhibition of Urinary Stones by Tartaric Acid and Its Salts
Huanxin Yuan Jianming Ouyang
2006, 18 (05): 573-578 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
The influence of tartaric acid (H2tart) and its salts on formation, inhibition and therapy of urinary stones is summarized. The discussion in details includes: the chelation of tartrate with Ca2+ ion, the induction of dihydrate and trihydrate calcium oxalate, the modulation of crystal faces and morphology, the inhibition to nucleation, growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals, and the regulation of metabolism so as to decrease the probability of urolithiasis. The effect of the counterions of tartaric acid on the inhibition activity is also discussed.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Glycopeptides
Fa Zhang Gang Liu
2006, 18 (05): 579-600 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
There are two available strategies recently for the solid-phase synthesis of glycopeptides： The building block strategy and solid-phase glycosylation strategy. The advances in the synthesis of O- and N- linked glycopeptides based on the solid-phase method are reviewed.
Advance of Graft Copolymerization onto Chitin and Chitosan
Huiwu Wang Yanming Dong Yaqing Zhao
2006, 18 (05): 601-608 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
The advance in graft copolymerization onto chitin and chitosan based on the different types of monomers is reviewed. The monomers mentioned in the paper include small vinyl molecules, polyethylene glycol macromolecular monomer, polylactic acid monomer, cyclodextrin and dendrimers. A new technology in graft copolymerization， the biocatalysis，and the application of the grafted chitosan derivatives are introduced.
Advances in POSS-Containing Polymers
Kanyi Pu Quli Fan Lianhui Wang Wei Huang
2006, 18 (05): 609-615 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) as a special family of inorganic-organic hybrid nanobuilding blocks has attracted considerable interest. This review is intended to cover the more recent advances in both structure-property relationships of POSS-containing polymers and the applications of POSS in organic semiconductors.
Progress in Hybrid Materials Based on Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes
Qiwei Pan Xinghe Fan Xiaofang Chen Qifeng Zhou
2006, 18 (05): 616-621 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), a new kind of organic-inorganic hybrid materials, has attractted great attention in the last decade.These hybrid materials can be prepared through different methods, which provides great convenience to the design of materials.This article summarizes recent progress in hybrid electroluminescent materials and hybrid liquid crystals based on POSS, and self-assembly behavior of POSS derivatives.It is pointed out that these materials will be widely used in the field of high technology in the near future due to their excellent thermodynamic and optical properties.
Biological Microelement Iron and Protein Tyrosine Nitration
Hailing Li Huibi Xu Zhonghong Gao
2006, 18 (05): 622-626 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
Protein tyrosine nitration is a biomarker of NO-dependent oxidative stress. Protein nitration will induce the changes of protein catalytic activities, cell signaling and cell skeletal structure, and lead to relevant pathological events. In this paper, the roles of iron in different pathways of protein nitration are introduced, and the results indicated that microelement iron in vivo plays an important role in protein nitration.
Advances in the Study of DNA Condensation in Ｖitro
Bingqi Zhang Wenguang Liu Cong Tang Weihang Ji Kangde Yao
2006, 18 (05): 627-634 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
DNA condensation is a common physiological phenomenon in nature and also a key step in non-viral vector-mediated gene transfection. Understanding the characteristics of DNA condensation in vitro will aid in designing highly efficient non-viral vectors. In this article, the latest progress in the study of DNA condensation in vitro induced by multivalent cations is reviewed covering the mechanism, process, influencing factors of DNA condensation and its recent applications in gene transfection.
Research and Application of Regenerative Fuel Cells
Yangjian Zhang Zongqiang Mao Xiaofeng Xie
2006, 18 (05): 635-640 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
Compared with conventional secondary batteries (i.e. lead acid, Li-ion etc.), regenerative fuel cells (RFC) have advantages in long-term energy storage, energy density, durability and environmental protection. Regenerative fuel cells can be not only applied to space and military uses but also used in on-site energy storage systems. The fundamental, classification and application of regenerative fuel cells are summarized. Preparation methods of bifunctional electrodes and bifunctional electrocatalysts of RFC and research progress in water heat management of RFC are described in detail. Shortcomings and foreground of regenerative hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells are analyzed. 
Progress in Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries
Li Wang Xiangming He Weihua Pu Changyin Jiang Chunrong Wan
2006, 18 (05): 641-647 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
Recent advances in rechargeable lithium metal batteries including the improvements in lithium metal anode, SEI film, electrolytes and fabrication process are reviewed. The prospects in the reserch of rechargeable lithium metal batteries are also discussed.
Developments on Microporous Coordination Polymers for Hydrogen Storage
Yong Yang Hongying Shen Hang Xing Yi Pan Junfeng Bai
2006, 18 (05): 648-656 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
The chemistry of the coordination polymers has advanced extensively in recent years, which is constructed from a variety of molecular building blocks with different interactions between them and exhibit various architectures and special properties. Nowadays, microporous coordination polymers for hydrogen storage have been payed more and more attention. Herein, the recent progress in the preparation, structures, hydrogen storage behavior of microporous coordination polymers is briefly reviewed.
Special issues
Chemical Thermodynamics of Supercritical Fluids
Tao Jiang Buxing Han
2006, 18 (05): 657-669 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
The concept and characteristics of supercritical fluids are briefly introduced.The chemical thermodynamics related with supercritical fluid extraction, the chemical reactions in supercritical fluids, and material processing using supercritical fluids are reviewed. Thermodynamics of carbon dioxide/ionic liquid biphasic systems are also discussed.
Progress in Phase Equilibrium Studies of Mixtures Containing Ionic Liquid
Hucheng Zhang Jianji Wang Xiaopeng Xuan Yang Zhao Kelei Zhuo
2006, 18 (05): 670-679 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
The data of phase equilibria for mixtures containing room temperature ionic liquid is important basis for the design and optimization of chemical reactions and separation processes involving ionic liquids.In this paper,the recent progress in the studies of vapor-liquid,liquid-liquid and liquid-solid equilibria is reviewd for ionic liquid + organic molecular solvent systems.The basic thermodynamic regularity for phase behavior of such mixtures and its applications in extraction and separation processes are highlighted.
Thermochemistry of Microporous and Mesoporous Materials
Qinghua Li Jingwei Wang Hao Yuan Lili Xie Lijun Wang Alexandra Navrotsky
2006, 18 (05): 680-686 |
Published: 01 January 2006
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Abstract
The paper reviews thermochemistry contribution to the stability of frameworks and synthetic progress in microporous and mesoporous materials. Knowledge of enthalpies, entropies and free energies of formation on the framework structure in micorporous and mesoporous materials is systematically summarized via several calorimetric measurements. It is found that a series of pure-silica, mesoporous silicas and AlPO4 polymorphs are energetically, at most, 15 kJ·mol-1 higher than quartz and berlinite, and the entropies of a series of pure silica zeolites span a very narrow range at 3.2—4.2 J·K-1·mol-1 above quartz. Therefore, the Gibbs free energy of transformation calculated for several SiO2 phases have nearly the same ΔG298tran as the values range from 0 to 12.6 J·K-1·mol-1 with respect to quartz. Thus, there is very little energetic limitation to the possibility of synthesizing various micro- and mesoporous framework structures. In addition, a new calorimetric method, in situ calorimetry, is introduced to reveal the kinetics and nucleation/crystallization in the process of the zeolite synthesis.