Polymer light-emitting electrochemical cell (PLEC) is a kind of polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED). Its substitutive characteristic is adding electrolyte into the active layer in order to improve carriers’ mobility. It has attracted considerable attention due to its advantages such as insensitive to electrode’s work function and high quantum efficiency. In this paper, recent progress of PLEC is reviewed from active layer composition, electrode and substrate surface processing, compatibility improving, frozen junction realizing and thermal treatment. The challenges and prospects are discussed. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Operating mechanism of polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells
3 Recent progress of polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells[HQK]
3.1 Active layer composition
3.2 Electrode
3.3 Compatibility
3.4 Frozen junction
3.5 Thermal treatment
3.6 Others
4 Challenges
4.1 Short lifetime
4.2 Slow response
4.3 p-n junction displacement
5 Conclusions and outlook

Gemini (or dimeric) surfactants are made up of two identical amphiphilic moieties covalently connected at the level of the headgroups by a spacer group. By this way the separation between the polar headgroups with in gemini surfactants is strongly decreased when they aggregate and thus the surface activity is greatly enhanced. Introduction of gemini surfactants is a break through in concept compared with general tests in enhancing surface activity, for example, addition of salt, increasing temperature or mixing an ionic cationic surfactants. Therefore gemini surfactants were reputed as a new generation of surfactants.

Plant polyphenols (vegetable tannins),as one of the important natural products, widely exist in plant. They have been used in many traditional industries, such as leather making, oil drilling and wood adhesive for years. With the development of chemistry of plant polyphenols in recent thirty years, their chemical structures and properties are comprehensively revealed. P rogress and sign if icance of this research field have been summarized by analysis of the related literature abstracted in CA since 1967.Furthermore, the trends of development and key points for better utilization of plant polyphenols are discussed in detail.

Large-scale cultivation of animal and plant cells, which is closely related to the production of biological medicine, constitutes a great part of recent development in biological techniques. The biochemical engigeering aspects of cultivation of animal and plant cells ,are discussed in detail,such as culture conditions,bioreactors,immobilization methods,simulation of basic reactions.biological surfaces and interfaccs,liquid-solid transport processes,vibrated fluidization,separation of products,mathematical models and scaling-up design,and automatic control,analyses and optimization of systems and so on. Some proposals are put forward about the development of animal and plant cells.

The research progress of the light converting inorganic phosphors for white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) in recent years is reviewed. The yellow, green and red phosphors excited by blue LED chip and the yellow, green, red, and single matrix white phosphors excited by near ultraviolet LED chip are overviewed respectively. The phosphors with preferable properties are recommended mainly. The photoluminescence spectra and their tunable mechanism of relevant aluminate, silicate nitride( oxynitride) and molybdate are described briefly. The urgent problems to resolve in this field are pointed out and their development tendency is prospected.

This review focuses on the recent studies of polylactides, including the homopolymers, copolymers and crosslinked systems. The applications of those biodegradable materials and the prospects of polylactides are also discussed.

The recent development s of nanostructured materials are reviewed. The emphasis is on the chemical preparation methods and their chemical properties. The possible utilization pathways of nanomaterials are discussed. It is pointed that the nanochemistry is the base of the development of nanom aterials, and chemists should pay attention to the development of new preparation methods and the comprehansive understanding of their chemical properties, which will promote the utilization of nanomaterials.

Solid lipid nanoparticle is a new drug delivery system of nano-range. This paper reviews research development of solid lipid nanoparticle as drug carrier, including its components, preparation and surfacial modification,as well as its physico-chemical characteristics, drug incorporation and drug release.

The acid rain area in China is one of the three main acid rain areas in the world, next to Europe and North America. Most acid deposition investigations have been concerned with precipitation chemistry in China. The results for precipitation chemistry of China obtained by Chinese and foreign researchers are overviewed in this paper. Major conclusions are: High H⁺ concentrations of precipitation have occurred in South and South Western China which have become areas with the highest acidity of precipitation in the world; The pollution of precipitation in China is still sulfur type with a trend to sulfuric-nitrous mixed type; Concentrations of dominant anions(SO₄^2- and NO₃^-) and cations(NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺) in precipitation are much higher than that in Europe and North America; The high acidity and ionic concentration in precipitation at alpine sites and cloud-water in eastern and southern China indicates that upper air has been polluted seriously; Characteristics of precipitation chemistry in different areas of China and the origins of acid rain formation have been discussed; Finally, future research is suggested.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Geographical distributions and trends of precipitation acidity in china
2.1 Precipitation acidity
2.2 Trends of precipitation acidity
3 Ground precipitation chemistry
3.1 Precipitation acidity and water-soluble ion concentrations
3.2 Organic components in precipitation
3.3 Heavy metals in precipitation
3.4 Ground fogs
4 Chemistry of high altitude precipitation and cloud water
4.1 Precipitation chemistry at mountains
4.2 Chemical characteristics of precipitation in regional representative sites
4.3 High-altitude water in clouds and fogs
5 Formation mechanisms of acid rain
5.1 Emission trends of acidic precipitation related pollutants in China
5.2 Mechanisms of chemical transformations
5.3 Interactions between precipitation and aerosol and other pollutants
6 Future research on precipitation chemistry in China

Olefin metathesis has been widely used in the fields of petrochemical industry and organic synthesis. It can be classified as ring-opening metathesis, ring-opening metathesis polymerization, ring-closing metathesis, cross-metathesis, etc. Recent developments in the heterogeneous catalysts for olefin cross-metathesis are summarized in this review. Much attention has been paid not only to the heterogeneous catalysts based on Re, Mo and W, but also to the effects that may influence the catalyst activity, such as the metal oxidation state, structure and dispersion of the active species, properties of the support and the addition of promoters, etc. The reaction mechanisms and possible deactivation routes are also discussed in detail.

Cloud2point extraction(CPE ) is a kind of new environmentally benign liquid2liquid extraction method. In this paper the phase separation behavior of some surfactant micelle solutions is introduced. The experimental protocol of CPE is outlined. The specific application s of such systems to the separation and purification of biopolymers and bioanalysis are summarized and discussed. The development trend of CPE is also presented.

Micochip capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection (μCE-AD) has attracted increasing interest due to the features offered by amperometric detection, such as high sensitivity, low cost and power consumption, inherent miniaturization and portability, and compatibility with microfabrication technologies. This article reviews on recent advances in μCE-AD systems, including microchip design, fabrication of integrated electrodes, elimination of high-voltage interference with the detection. Field-non-isolating detection, electrode array and channel array, application of chemically modified electrodes, novel approaches for sample injection, and on-chip sample preparation are also discussed. The future development of the μCE-AD is foreseen.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Design of μCE-AD chip
3 Fabrication of integrated electrodes
4 Elimination of high-voltage interference with the detection
5 Field-non-isolating detection
6 Electrode array and channel array
7 Chemically modified electrodes
8 Novel approaches for sample injection
9 On-chip sample preparation
10 Future prospects

The biosorption properties of various biomaterals for metal ions have been widely investigated. The biosorption mechanism and equilibrium modeling of metal ions on biomass are reviewed, and the development tendency in this field is also elucidated.

This paper makes a review on current research and development in contaminated soil remediation technologies at home and abroad, and also discusses demand for development in soil remediation technologies in China. This review indicates that systematic remediation technologies for contaminated soil have been developed, which included bioremediation, physical/chemical remediation and integrated remediation. Six research and development trends in soil remediation are summarized as follows: green and environmentally-friendly bioremediation, combined and hybride remediation, in situ remediation, environmentally functional material based remediation, equipment based site remediation, remediation decision supporting system and post-remediation assessment. It needs in China to develop wide-use, safe, cost-effective in situ bioremediation and physical/chemical stabilization technologies for agricultural farmland soil, to develop safe, land reusable, site-specific physical/chemical and engineering remediation technologies for heavily polluted industrial site, and to develop phytostabilization and eco-engineering remediation technologhies for controlling soil erosion and pollutants transport in mined area. Besides, it also needs to develop national guidelines, standards and management policies for contaminated soil remediation.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Current researches in contaminated soil remediation technologies
2.1 Bioremediation technologies for contaminated soil
2.2 Physical remediation technologies for contaminated soil
2.3 Chemical or physico-chemical remediation technologies for contaminated soil
2.4 Combined remediation technologies for contaminated soil
3 Trends in development of contaminated soil remediation technologies
3.1 Green and environmentally-friendly bioremediation technologies
3.2 Combined and hybride remediation technologies
3.3 In situ remediation technologies
3.4 Environmentally functional materials based remediation technologies
3.5 Equipment based site remediation technologies
3.6 Remediation decision supporting system and post-remediation assessment technologies
4 Opinions on R&D of contaminated soil remediation technologies in China
4.1 Soil contamination situation in China
4.2 Demands in R&D of contaminated soil remediation technologies
5 Conclusion

The progress of the structure, performance, synthesis and characterization of the environmentally benign heteropoly compounds and their use in fine chemicals are introduced in detail. The synthesis and application of the sup-ported heteropoly acids and the novel mixed heteropoly compounds obtained by designing molecule are also reviewed. The research for heteropoly acids (HPA) and their salts has a quite important theoretical value and realistic meanings. HPA used as excellent green catalyst will possess extensive application prospect in fine chemical synthesis.

The characteristics and simulation methods of particle fluid two phase flow are introduced. The current situation and development of pseudo fluid model are discussed in details. The prospects of different modeling methods are presented.

Titania is the promising material for its application in photocatalysis and photoelectric conversion. But its large band gap energy limits the practical application in the case of natural solar light , so the development of visible light2 responsive titania is one of the most important subjects of the research. Recently , the progress has been made in the area of extending the light absorption of titania into visible light region by metal cation doping , metalloid anion doping , ion implantation and photosensitization. The modification methods to enable titania to operate under visible light are dealt with in this review.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are one of the main development trends of solar cells. Dye sensitizer, which greatly affects the photoelectronic efficiency of solar cells, is all along an important research focus in the field of cell materials. The sensitizers used in DSSC are mainly divided into two types: metal complex dye and organic dye according to research results during recent twenty years. On the basis of different structures, the metal complex sensitizers utilized in DSSC can be classified into polypyridyl complex sensitizers of ruthenium and other metal such as osmium and platinum, metal porphyrin and phthalocyanine sensitizers, and their photoelectric conversion properties are reviewed in detail. Organic dye sensitizers with general structure of “donor (D)-π conjugation bridge-acceptor (A)” are widely used in DSSC because of their high molar extinction coefficient and low cost. The relations of photoelectric conversion properties with structures of organic dye sensitizers including oligoene dye, coumarin dye, carbazole dye, indoline dye, fluorene dye and triphenylamine dye are reviewed in detail.

“Click chemistry”, introduced by Sharpless in 2001, becomes a new synthetic method used in areas such as drugs, polymers and materials rapidly because of its high efficiency, high selectivity and reliable characteristics. With the further research on click chemistry, the types of it are increasing continuously and the scope of application is also expanding. Radical-mediated or nucleophile-initiated thiol-ene reaction is a novel kind of click reactions, which shows the characteristics of click chemistry. Starting from the concept, characteristic and types of click chemistry, the mechanism and the wide applications of thiol-ene reaction in preparation of functional polymers and topologic macromolecules, polymeric materials surface modification and biomaterials are emphasized. Furthermore, the latest research based on thiol-ene chemistry is summarized. The prospects of thiol-ene reaction are also discussed. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Thiol-ene click reaction and mechanism
3 Applications of thiol-ene click chemistry
3.1 Synthesis of functional polymers
3.2 Synthesis of topologies polymers
3.3 Surface modification
3.4 Biological fields
3.5 Other fields
4 Conclusions and outlook

The progress in single-cell analysis by capillary electrophoresis is reviewed. Preparation methods of cell suspension solution, techniques of single cell injection and cell lysis, separation mode of capillary electrophoresis, detec-tion methods and new applications are described in detail. Techniques of single cell injection and detection methods are emphasized. Future directions of single-cell analysis by capillary electrophoresis are also predicted.

This paper describes the recent applied research progress of the heterogeneous photocatalysis on semiconductors. Representative photocatalysts and new photo reactors are introduced. The applications of photocatalysis on environmental protection, medical and health care, preparation of metallic catalysts, rare metal recovery and material synthesis are summarized and assessed. Moreover, the opinions on further studies are presented.

The system of [4+3]cycloaddition and its application in organic synthesis are reviewed. A brief discussion about the future research is also given.

This review describes research progress of functionalized calixarenes in recent years. The syntheses and supramolecular recognition ability are discussed.

N-Heterocyclic carbene ligands(NHCs) are playing an increasingly important role in many areas such as organometallic, organic synthetic, pharmaceutical, and polymer chemistry since the discovery of the first N-heterocyclic carbene complexes in 1968 by Öfele and by Wanzlick and the isolation of the first stable free carbene in 1991 by Arduengo III et al. While numerous powerful catalytic systems incorporating NHC ligands have been described, methods of synthesizing them have advanced more slowly. This review describes the recent progress of the methods used in the preparation of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. According to the nature of the NHC precursor and to the activation method employed, the common routes for preparing NHC–metal complexes are insertion of metal ions into the carbon–carbon double bonds of highly electron-rich alkenes, coordination of preformed, isolated free carbenes, deprotonation of an Imidazolium salt with an external base or with metal complex having a basic ligand, thermal decomposition of corresponding carbene adducts, transmetallation from a silver-NHC complex or from a gold-NHC complex, oxidative addition of the C2-X (X = Me, halogen, H) bond of an imidazolium precursor. In addition, our research group firstly found that Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, and Copper complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes can be directly synthesized by using commercially available metal powders.

Contents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes by the cleavage of electron-rich olefins
3 Synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from preformed, isolated free carbenes
4 Synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes by deprotonation of an Imidazolium salt with a base
4.1 Deprotonation with an external base
4.2 Deprotonation with metal complex having a basic ligand
5 Synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes by thermal decomposition of carbene adducts
5.1 Alcohol adduct of N-heterocyclic carbene
5.2 Triethylborane adduct of N-heterocyclic carbene
5.3 Pentafluorobenzene adduct of N-heterocyclic carbene
5.4 CO2 adduct of N-heterocyclic carbene
5.5 Cyanide adduct of N-heterocyclic carbene
6 Synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes by transmetallation
6.1 Transmetallation from a silver-NHC complex
6.2 Transmetallation from a gold-NHC complex
7 Synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes by oxidative addition through activating of the C2-X bond
8 Direct synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene complex by using metal powders
9 Synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes by other special methods
9.1 Direct synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene copper complexes via Cu2O.
9.2 Transmetallation of lithiated heterocycles
9.3 Transmetallation from group VI metal carbonyl carbene complexes
10 Conclusions and Outlook

Originated from a radioimmunoassay method, scintillation proximity assay (SPA) is a homogenous, sensitive, fast and simple scintillant carrier-based platform. This platform can be used to screen lead compounds for drug targets and investigate their biological processes. SPA becomes an important method in high throughput screening (HTS) due to no separation step, easy binding of drug targets and measuring their activities. Because of the diversification and commercialization of radio-labeled molecules and affinity tags, as well as the development of scintillation readers and liquid handling technologies, SPAs have been widely applied in receptor binding, high throughput drug screening, enzyme assay, radioimmunoassay, protein-protein interaction,cell-based assay and so on. This review presents the principle of SPA, discusses the key technologies(includes scintillation carrier, scintillation reader and radiolabel molecule) and analyzes the evaluation system, as well as outlines the assay development and provides some examples in details related to HTS, summarizes the shortcomings and gives some potential outlooks for the future study. Recently, SPA and fluorescence-based screenings have been the hot researches for the high throughput screening drug. The innovations on screening techniques will definitely promote our comprehensive understanding of cellular system biology and dramatically advance the discovery process of leading compounds. Contents 1 Principle of SPA
2 Key elements of SPA
2.1 Choice of scintillation materials
2.2 Choice of scintillation readers
2.3 Choice of radio-label molecules
3 Evaluation factors of SPA
4 Assay developments
5 Applications
5.1 Application of receptor-ligand interactions
5.2 Application of enzyme assays
5.3 Application of HTS drugs
5.4 Application of RIAs
5.5 Application of cell-based assays
6 Shortcomings and outlooks
7 Conclusions

DNA template directs organic synthesis by sequence-specificity recruiting reactants linked to complementary DNA. The numerous types of DNA-templated organic synthesis, including reductive animation, nucleophilic substitution, Henry, Wittig olefination, photochemical ligation and multistep small-molecule synthesis, etc, are reviewed. DNA-templated combinational library is also discussed. The effects of DNA architectures on reactions and stereoseletivity in the reactions are summarized .

Ultro sound is used more and more frequently in organic synthesis in recent three decades. Compared with traditional methods, this new method is more convenient and easily controlled. A great many of organic reactions can be carried out in higher yields,shorter time or milder conditions under low frequency unltrasonic irradiatioin. It can even set off some reactions which can not be carried out under traditional conditions. The representative references published in recent thirty years have been reviewed.

Surface wetting behavior is of great importance in determining the application of various materials. Many physicochemical processes, such as adsorption, lubrication, adhesion, dispersion, friction and so forth are closely related with the wettability of materials. In the last decade, surface with ultra hydrophobicity have aroused much research interests owing to their potential application in self-cleaning coatings, microfluidics and biocompatible materials and so on. The recent progress in the study of superhydrophobic surface is summarized in three parts: In the first part the characterization and influences of wettability are briefly introduced; In the second part new development of superhydrophobic surfaces is summearized from both experimental and theoretical aspects; In the third part the prospect in this field is proposed.

White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications in large-area flat panel displays and solid-state lighting. In this paper, recent progress of WOLEDs is reviewed. Potential applications and scientific problems of WOLEDs are discussed.

Fluorescence spectroscopy is an effective method of study on protein conformation in aqueous solution. Some common methods in proteins fluorescence spectra are reviewed and new techniques of fluorescence spectro scopy are introduced.