The development of “on water” organic reaction is a breakthrough in the field of aqueous organic reactions for green synthesis. An essential characteristic of “on water” reaction is heterogeneity of the reaction system. Water is not only used as a green reaction media, but also, in most “on water” reactions, plays a crucial role in observing large rate acceleration and selectivity enhancement. Under “on water” reaction conditions, the reaction can be scaled-up and the procedure is favorable to make a clear phase separation. The recent advancements of “on water”organic reaction and its applications in green organic synthesis are reviewed in terms of classification of organic reaction.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Cycloaddition reaction on water 
3 Nucleophilic addition reaction on water 
3.1 Conjugate addition 
3.2 Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl groups 
3.3 Au-catalyzed tandem reaction 
3.4 Enantioselective direct aldol reaction 
4 Nucleophilic substitution reaction on water 
5 Coupling reaction on water 
5.1 Transition metal-catalyzed coupling reaction 
5.2 Dehydrogenative coupling reaction 
6 Oxidation on water 
7 Bromination reaction on water 
8 Theoretical studies 
9 Conclusion

Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) has emerged as one of the most practical and powerful pathways to obtain chiral alcohols and amines, which are important fine chemicals. Among the various catalysts for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation, the most efficient one is TsDPEN-Ru [TsDPEN=N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine] complex developed by Noyori and coworkers. Recently, with the increasing demanding for green chemistry, water was widely used as green solvent in asymmetric transfer hydrogenation, affording fast reaction rate, high enantioselectivity and good chemoselectivity. This review attempts to present an accounts of the progress made on asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones, imines and activated olefins in water catalyzed by the complexes of unmodified and modified chiral diamines and transition metals, ruthenium[(cymene)RuCl₂]_2, rhodium[(Cp*)RhCl₂]₂ and iridium[(Cp*)IrCl₂]₂.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 ATH in water with water-soluble chiral diamines ligands 
3 ATH in water with water-insoluble chiral diamines ligands 
4 ATH in water with supported chiral diamines ligands 
5 ATH in water with biomacromolecular hybridized chiral diamine ligands 
6 pH effect and mechanism of ATH of ketones in water 
7 Conclusions and outlook

The recovery and recycling of the expensive chiral catalysts represent one of the most challenging tasks in asymmetric catalysis, and have received increasing attention from both the academy and industry. So far many methods have been tried, and ionic liquids has been regarded as one of the most promising candidates for the facile recovery and reuse of the catalyst. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress of asymmetric catalysis in ionic liquids, mainly focus on the reactions catalyzed by transition-metal complexes and organocatalysts, and highight the opportunities that ionic liquids could afford to improve both catalyst recycling and catalytic performance.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Transition-metal catalyzed reactions in ionic liquids 
2.1 Asymmetric hydrogenation 
2.2 Asymmetric oxidation 
2.3 Asymmetric C-C bond formation 
2.4 Miscellaneous reactions 
3 Asymmetric organocatalytic reactions in ionic liquids 
3.1 Asymmetric Aldol reactions 
3.2 Asymmetric Michael addition 
3.3 Asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction 
3.4 Asymmetric Mannich reaction 
3.5 Asymmetric Baylis-Hillmann reaction 
4 Conclusion

The progress on organic reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide in recent five year is reviewed in this paper, which includes hydrogenation, oxidation, carbonylation, carbon-carbon bond formation, esterification and enzymatic reaction. The synthesis of carbonates and carbamates using supercritical carbon dioxide as substrate is also discussed. The outlook of the research area is provided.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Hydrogenation 
2.1 Asymetric hydrogenation 
2.2 Hydrogenation of phenols 
2.3 Hydrogenation of nitroaromatics 
2.4 Other hydrogenations 
3 Oxidation 
3.1 Oxidation of alcohols 
3.2 Oxidation of hydrocarbons 
3.3 Wacker reaction
3.4 Baeyer-Villiger reaction 
4 Carbonylation 
4.1 Hydroformylation
4.2 Hydrocarboxylation 
4.3 Hydroesterification 
5 Carbon-Carbon bond formation 
5.1 Friedel-Crafts alkylation 
5.2 Aldol reaction 
5.3 Coupling reaction 
5.4 Cyclotrimerization 
5.5 Hydrovinylation
6 Esterification 
7 Enzymatic reaction 
8 Supercritical carbon dioxide as substrate 
8.1 Synthesis of carbonates
8.2 Synthesis of carbamates 
9 Conclusions and outlook

Green chemistry is the trend of chemistry in the future. Utilization of green solvents effectively is one of the important topic in green chemistry. CO₂/H₂O is green reaction medium of some unique features, and can be used in different chemical reactions. Especially, it can be used in the reactions catalyzed by weak acids, in which use of conventional acids can be avoided. In this review, we first discuss the variation of the acidity CO₂/H₂O system with temperature and pressure, then some chemical reactions in CO₂/H₂O system are discussed, including dehydration reaction, alkylation reaction, citronellal cyclization reaction,diazonium reaction, conversion of polyalcohol to cyclic ether, oxybromination reaction, selective reduction of nitroarenes, polysaccharide hydrolysis, conversion of biomass, hydrolysis of propylene oxide, decarboxylation reaction, oxidation of alcohols, enantioselective sulfoxidation, asymmetric reduction of ketones. Finallly, the future directions for the application of CO₂/H₂O system in chemical reaction are discussed briefly.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Acidity changes in CO₂/H₂O 
3 Chemical reactions in CO₂/H₂O 
3.1 Dehydration reaction and alkylation reaction 
3.2 Citronellal cyclization reaction 
3.3 Diazonium reaction 
3.4 Coversation of polyalcohol to cyclic ether 
3.5 Oybromination reaction 
3.6 Selective reduction of nitroarenes 
3.7 Polysaccharide hydrolysis 
3.8 Conversation of biomass and hydrolysis of propylene oxide 
3.9 Decarboxylation reaction
3.10 Oxidation of alcohols 
3.11 Enantioselective sulfoxidation 
3.12 Asymmetric reduction of ketones 
4 Conclusions and outlook

This paper reviews the recent progress in biphasic catalysis based on our research in the fields of thermoregulated aqueous-organic biphasic catalysis and thermoregulated non-aqueous liquid-liquid biphasic catalysis, in which the authors aim at the solution to the limitation in the application of the classic aqueous-organic biphasic catalysis due to the low water-solubility of the substrates. Especially, the authors discuss the thermoregulated phase transfter catalysis (TRPTC) in detail. Moreover, various non-aqueous biphasic systems clarified by the reaction medium, including the fluorous biphasic system, the PEG biphasic system, the ionic liquid biphasic system，as well as the thermoregulated phase-separable catalysis have been also reviewed.

Contents 
1 Introduction
2 Aqueous-organic biphasic and thermoregulated phase transfer catalysis
2.1 Aqueous-organic biphasic catalysIS
2.2 Thermoregulated phase transfer catalysis
3 Thermoregulated non-aqueous liquid/liquid biphasic catalysis
3.1 Fluorous biphasic system 
3.2 Organic liquid/liquid biphasic catalysis 
3.3 Thermoregulated ionic liquid biphasic catalysis 
4 Thermoregulated phase-separable catalysis 
5 Conclusions and outlook

Recent developments in asymmetric catalytic reactions under solvent-free conditions were reviewed. The article mainly discussed asymmetric Aldol reaction, asymmetric ring-opening reaction, kinetic resolution of racemic epoxides, asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction, asymmetric addition of organometallic reagents to aldehydes and ketones, asymmetric hydrogenation, asymmetric hydroformylation, asymmetric metathesis reaction, asymmetric Michael addition reaction, asymmetric oxidation and asymmetric Friedel-Crafts reaction. The prospect of asymmetric catalytic reactions under solvent-free condition was also proposed.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Asymmetric catalytic reactions under solvent-free conditions 
2.1 Asymmetric Aldol reaction 
2.2 Asymmetric ring-Opening of epoxides
2.3 Resolution of racemic epoxides 
2.4 Asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction 
2.5 Asymmetric addition of organometallic reagents to aldehydes and ketones 
2.6 Asymmetric hydrogenation 
2.7 Asymmetric hydroformylation 
2.8 Asymmetric metathesis reaction 
2.9 Asymmetric Michael addition reaction 
2.10 Asymmetric oxidation 
2.11 Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts reaction 
3 Summary and outlook

Asymmetric cycloisomerization catalyzed by transition metals, which possesses highly catalytic activity and good selectivity, is a potential protocol to fulfill the goal of “atom economic”.In recent years, impressive achievements have been made in this area. It becomes one of the most efficient methods to synthesize enantiomeric pure carbon- or heterocyclic compounds. This paper summarized the development of transition metal catalyzed asymmetric cycloisomerization in recent twenty years and briefly reviewed its applications in total synthesis of natural products.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Asymmetric cycloisomerization of enynes catalyzed by different transition metals 
2.1 Palladium-catalyzed reactions 
2.2 Rhodium-catalyzed reactions 
2.3 Platinum, gold and iridium-catalyzed reactions 
3 Applications in the syntheses of natural products
3.1 Asymmetric transformation catalyzed by chiral catalysts 
3.2 Asymmetric transformation induced by chiral substrates 
4 Conclusion

The chiral tridentate Schiff bases, which derived from various chiral amino alcohols and salicylaldehyde derivatives, complexed with metals, such as Ti, Cr, V, Cu, Fe and Al, have shown catalytic ability in many asymmetric reactions. Especially in asymmetric trimethylsilylcyanation of aldehydes, Diels-Alder reaction, aldol reaction, hetro-ene reaction and sulfide oxidation reaction, systematic work has been reported. The development of the work was described in this review, meanwhile, the catalytic activity and enantioselectivity infuenced by the structure of catalyst and reaction condition were also discussed．

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Asymmetric reactions catalyzed by Schiff base titanium complexes 
3 Asymmetric reactions catalyzed by Schiff base chromium complexes
4 Asymmetric reactions catalyzed by Schiff base vanadium and iron complexes 
5 Asymmetric reactions catalyzed by Schiff base copper and aluminum complexes 
6 Conclusions and outlook

Asymmetric organocatalysis has been a frontier in the field of asymmetric catalysis. The comparable advantages, including mild reaction conditions, environment benign, and the facile recovery of catalysts, render the organocatalytic reaction to possess some features of green chemistry. The review provides an overview of recent elegant advances on the enamine catalysis, imine catalysis, hydrogen bond activation, carbine catalysis, phase transfer catalysis and photochemistry, especially of the research work in China, with an emphasis on the clarification of the relationship between either sterical or electronic effects of catalysts and substrates in different catalyst systems, pointing out regulation that controls the stereoselectivity to prompt the design of more efficient chiral organocatalysts with widespread applications in asymmetric synthesis.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 The Reaction systems 
2.1 Enamine catalysis 
2.2 Iminium catalysis 
2.3 Hydrogen-bond in asymmetric catalysis 
2.4 Carbene catalysis in asymmetric reactions 
2.5 Phase transfer catalysis in asymmetric reactions 
2.6 Other activation modes
3 Conclusions and outlook

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs), especially asymmetric multicomponent reactions (AMCRs), have received considerable attention due to their great intrinsic advantages as well as their applications in drug discovery. Recent progress on asymmetric multicomponent reactions (AMCRs) including diastereoslective and enantioselective approaches to chiral molecules is reviewed. The application of asymmetric catalysis and corresponding reaction mechanism are the major focus. It elicits issues and perspectives of AMCRs in the end.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Asymmetric multicomponent reactions based on nucleophilic addition to imines
2.1 Strecker reaction 
2.2 Mannich reaction 
2.3 Biginelli reaction 
2.4 Petasis reaction 
2.5 Other imine additions 
3 Asymmetric Hantzsch reaction
4 Asymmetric multicomponent reactions via isocyanides 
4.1 Passerini reaction 
4.2 Ugi reaction 
5 Asymmetric multicomponent reactions based on cycloaddition 
5.1 Diels-Alder type reactions 
5.2 Tietze reactions 
5.3 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition type reactions
6 Asymmetric multicomponent reactions based on Michael-addition 
6.1 Michael-Aldol type reactions 
6.2 Knoevenagel-Michael type reactions 
6.3 Double Michael reactions 
6.4 Carbometalation-Michael multicomponent reactions 
7 Asymmetric multicomponent reactions based on trapping of alcoholic oxonium ylide 
8 Conclusions and perspectives

Enantioselective biotransformations of nitriles using nitrile hydrolyzing microbial whole cell catalysts are a powerful method for the synthesis of highly enantiopure carboxylic acids and amide derivatives. In this article, progress of Rhodococcus erythropolis AJ270-catalyzed enantioselective biotransformations of nitriles including various cyclopropane-, oxirane-, and aziridine-containing carbonitriles is summarized. On the basis of the outcomes of the biotransformation study, it is proposed that a readily reachable reactive site be embedded within the spacious pocket of the nitrile hydratase while the amidase might comprise a relatively deep-buried and size-limited active site. Applications of enantioselective biotransformations of nitriles in the synthesis of natural and bioactive products are also discussed.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Biocatalysis and biotransformations of three membered cyclic nitriles 
2.1 Biocatalysis and biotransformations of cyclopropane nitriles 
2.2 Biocatalysis and biotransformations of three-membered heterocyclic nitriles and amides 
2.3 Applications of biotransformations on the synthesis of natural products and bioactive molecules 
3 Conclusions and outlook

Carboxylic acid or carboxylate groups are among the most common functionalities in organic molecules. Activated derivatives of carboxylic acids have long served as versatile connection points in derivatizations and in the construction of carbon frameworks. Carboxylic acids are cheap and high availability. Decarboxylative reaction provides a new approach for organic synthesis. The carboxylic acid functionality ensures the regioselectivity of the reaction and only carbon dioxide is produced as waste. Thus decarboxylative reactions meet the requirement of green chemistry and its application in organic synthesis is very promising. Many reviews have been published on decarboxylative reactions. This review mainly focused on the progress of decarboxylative C-C bond formation during the past several years.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Decarboxylative cross-coupling reaction 
3 Decarboxylative Heck-type reaction 
4 Decarboxylative allylation 
5 Decarboxylative aldol and Mannich reaction 
6 Decarboxylative Claisen rearrangement reaction 
7 Decarboxylative addition 
8 Conclusions and outlook

In past decades, palladium-catalyzed direct selective C—H bonds functionalization has become a highly attractive strategy in organic synthesis and represents a highly desirable goal. This review introduces three extensively investigated modes for forming C—C bonds from C—H bonds via palladium catalysis: cross-coupling reactions of C—H bonds with aryl or alkyl halides/pseudohalides, cross-dehydrogenative couplings of two C—H bonds, and cross-coupling reactions of C—H bonds with organometallic reagents. A comprehensive summary of recent advances and detailed analysis on the versatility and practicality of these transformations are presented. The research trend for this strategy is also prospected.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of C—H bonds with aryl or alkyl halides/pseudohalides 
2.1 Cross-coupling of sp2 C—H bonds with aryl or alkyl halides/pseudohalides via Pd(0)/Pd(II) catalysis 
2.2 Cross-coupling of sp2 C—H bonds with aryl or alkyl halides via Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalysis 
2.3 Cross-coupling of sp2 C—H bonds with aryl or alkyl halides via Pd(0)/Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalysis 
2.4 Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of sp3 C—H bonds with aryl halides 
3 Palladium-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling of C—H bonds 
3.1 Palladium-catalyzed olefination via cross-dehydrogenative coupling of C—H bonds 
3.2 Palladium-catalyzed arylation via cross-dehydrogenative coupling of C—H bonds 
4 Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of C—H bonds with organometallic reagents 
4.1 Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of C—H bonds with organotin reagents 
4.2 Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of C—H bonds with organosilicon reagents 
4.3 Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of C—H bonds with organoboron reagents 
5 Conclusions and outlook

The discovery of new synthetic methods is greatly significant in organic chemistry. Highly selective and efficient functionalization of C-H bonds has attracted much attention in academic and industrial chemistry in the past decade. C-H bond activation followed by C-C bond formation is one of the ideal synthetic methods from green chemistry point of view. Cross-coupling reactions are among the most important methods for forming C-C bonds. In order to attain successful cross-coupling products, one or two pre-functionalized reactants are generally required. Cross-dehydrogenative-coupling (CDC) reactions, which combine two C-H bonds to form new C-C bonds, avoid the need for preparing pre-functionalized materials and make syntheses simpler and more efficient. CDC chemistry has the potential to make significant contributions to green chemical synthesis.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Cu-catalyzed CDC reactions 
2.1 sp3C-H-sp C-H coupling 
2.2 sp3C-H-sp2C-H coupling 
2.3 sp3C-H-sp3C-H coupling 
3 Fe-catalyzed CDC reactions 
3.1 sp3C-H-sp3C-H coupling 
3.2 sp3C-H-sp2C-H coupling 
3.3 sp3C-H-sp C-H coupling 
4 Other metal complex catalyzed CDC reactions 
5 Metal free CDC reactions 
6 Conclusions and outlook

The development of recoverable and reusable catalysts has been the subject of research over past decades. In this review, we have outlined the strategies of designing, synthesis of polymer-supported catalysts and summarized recent developments in their extensive applications in various organic reactions. In many cases, this strategy has demonstrated its great advantage in simplifying the separation of products and recovery and reuse of the usually expensive catalysts while maintaining comparable catalytic performance to that of the unsupported parent catalysts. In addition, the development of a linear polymeric or dendronized chiral catalysts with tunable structure, size, shape, and solubility will play an important role to their utility in organic synthesis. Significant progress could be reached from the developing an interdisciplinary expertise with contributions from organic, polymer and material chemists. Also, it is great importance in determining the choice of support. Therefore, the further developments of highly active and enantioselective catalysts will continue to be an important goal and challenge in this field.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 C-C bond formation reactions 
2.1 Pd-catalyzed C-C bond coupling reactions 
2.2 Olefin metathesis reactions 
2.3 Asymmetric additions of organozinc reagents to aldehydes 
2.4 Allylations of aldehydes and imines 
2.5 Asymmetric cyclopropanations 
2.6 Organocatalyzed asymmetric Aldol reactions 
2.7 Organocatalyzed asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions 
3 Asymmetric reductions of prochiral ketones 
4 Asymmetric oxidations 
4.1 Epoxidations of alkenes 
4.2 Sharpless’s epoxidations 
4.3 Asymmetric dihydroxylation of alkenes 
5 Summary and prospects

Immobilization of a homogeneous catalyst can in principle facilitate its separation and recycling, and therefore is of considerable interest to both academia and industry. Soluble polymers, in particular dendrimers as an alternative catalyst supports have received increasing attention in recent years. This strategy allows a catalytic reaction to be carried out under homogeneous conditions. At the end of reaction, the immobilized catalyst could be easily separated and recycled through solvent precipitation and temperature-induced phase separation, or using membrane reactor. This paper reviews the progress in soluble polymer-supported catalysts, mainly including linear polymeric catalysts and dendrimeric catalysts which can be attached into polymeric support via covalent or noncovalent interactions, focusing on polymer-supported chiral catalysts and their use in asymmetric catalytic reactions.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Types of soluble polymer-supported catalysts and methods for catalyst separation 
2.1 Main types of soluble polymer-supported catalysts 
2.2 Methods for catalyst separation 
3 Linear polymer-supported catalysts 
4 Dendrimer catalysts 
5 Noncovalent immobilization of catalysts with soluble supports 
6 Conclusion and outlook

The immobilization of homogeneous catalysts for recycle and reuse provides an effective way to solve the problems associated with the catalyst cost and metal contamination in a homogeneous catalytic process. Different from the conventional catalyst immobilization methods, the self-supporting strategy utilizes homochiral metal-organic coordination polymers generated by self-assembly of chiral multitopic ligands with metal ions without using any support. The self-supported chiral catalysts as a novel immobilization of homogeneous catalysts strategy demonstrated excellent enantioselectivities in heterogeneous catalysis of a variety of asymmetric reactions. This paper reviews the progress in the research on a variety of heterogeneous asymmetric catalytic reactions with self-supported chiral catalysts.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 The concept of the “self-supporting” strategy 
3 Homochiral self-supported catalysts (type Ⅰ) in heterogeneous asymmetric ractions 
3.1 Asymmetric carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions 
3.2 Enantioselective oxidations 
3.3 Enantioselective hydrogenations 
4 Pendant auxiliaries on self-supported catalysts (Type Ⅱ) in heterogeneous asymmetric ractions 
4.1 Asymmetric carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions
4.2 Enantioselective oxidations 
4.3 Enantioselective hydrogenations 
5 Conclusions and outlook

This review mainly focuses on the applications of metal nanoparticles in coupling reactions, including the construction of C-C bond, C-N bond, C-O bond and C-S bond. Various metal nanoparticles, such as palladium nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, ruthenium nanoparticles, nickel nanoparticles, cobalt nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles and copper oxide nanoparticles were used as the catalysts for the coupling reactions. All of these metal nanoparticles are good heterogeneous catalysts for these coupling reactions and easy to be separated from the products. These reactions were briefly summarized in tables, which render readers quick understanding of the nanoparticles catalyzed coupling reactions reported. The application of metal nanoparticles presents a booming perspective in organic synthesis.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 C-C bond 
2.1 Heck reaction 
2.2 Suzuki reaction 
2.3 Sonogashira reaction 
3 C-N bond 
4 C-O (C-S) bond 
5 Conclusions and outlook

In recent years, our work focused on the development of light-activating ambient temperature RAFT polymerization to be environmentally friendly, facile and rapid, living and well-controlled, and suitable for a variety of monomers. Our results demonstrate that as chain transfer agents(CTA) of RAFT polymerization, the thiocarbonylthio compounds exhibit absorptions separately in UV and visible light ranges. The strong UV absorption leads to the photolysis of CTA functionalities, but the weak absorption in visible light wave range may significantly activate the fragmentation reaction of their intermediate radicals, thus accelerate the RAFT process without loss of its living character. High efficiency of photo-initiation may significantly shorten the initialization period. Thermo-activation of this polymerization is negligible below 30oC. This polymerization immediately starts or ceases upon switching on or off this visible light. Accordingly, we exploited a facile, rapid and well-controlled visible light activating ambient temperature RAFT polymerization. This environmently friendly approach may extend to the solar light activation or in aqueous solution, and for the synthesis of thermo-responsive water-soluble polymers and biomimetic photo-responsive polymers.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Our opportunity: UV-vis spectra characters of chain transfer agents for RAFT polymerization 
3 Ambient temperature RAFT polymerization under long-wave UV radiation 
4 Ambient temperature RAFT polymerization under visible light radiation
5 Ambient temperature RAFT polymerization under solar light radiation
6 Ambient temperature RAFT polymerization in aqueous solution under long-wave UV radiation 
7 Applications of ambient temperature RAFT polymerization under visible light radiation 
7.1 Rapid and well-controlled synthesis of novel thermo-responsive water-soluble polymers 
7.2 Rapid and well-controlled synthesis of biomimetic photo-responsive functional polymers 
8 Conclusions and outlook

Ionic liquids are a new type of green solvents with many unique physical and chemical characteristics, and it has become the frontier of international research in recent years. Ionic liquids provide new opportunities for developing clean technology. This paper introduces the synthesis and preparation methods of ionic liquids, and discusses the applications of ionic liquids in CO2 capture, conversion and utilization, electrolytic/ electroplating aluminium, SO2 absorption, wastewater treatment, waste plastics degradation and recycling. Furthermore, the future development trends of ionic liquids are also discussed.

Contents 
1 Introduction 
2 Synthesis and preparation of ionic liquids
2.1 Common synthesis methods 
2.2 Outfield intensifying methods 
2.3 Microreactor methods 
3 Application of ionic liquids
3.1 Application in CO2 capture, conversion and utilization 
3.2 Application in electrolytic/ electroplating aluminium
3.3 Application in SO2 absorption 
3.4 Application in wastewater treatment
3.5 Application in degradation and recycling of waste plastics 
4 Conclusions and prospects