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Research Progress of Carbon Dots as Fluorescent Probes in Environmental Monitoring
Congyin Zhang, Kuiyu Yi, Jia Feng, Hongwei Shi
Progress in Chemistry, DOI: 10.7536/PC20250625

Analyte Precursors Synthesis Method Linear Range
（μmol/L）		 LOD
（μmol/L）		 Response Time Real Sample Ref
F⁻ Alizarin carmine and citric acid Hydrothermal method 150~1200 7.998 1 min Tap water,
Toothpaste,
Milk		 93
TC Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and Eu(NO3)3 Hydrothermal method 0~80 0.003 2 min River water, Milk, Honey, Serum 94
OTC Spinach Solvothermal method 0~40 0.41 30 s River water, Tap water, Mineral water,
Milk, Pork		 95
FA N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid (PMIDA) and branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) Hydrothermal method 0~40 0.47 100 min Bean sprout 96
Carbaryl Citric acid and ethylenediamine Hydrothermal method 5×10−4~1 2.5×10−4 30 min Strawberry 97
Glyphosate L-glutathione and formamide Microwave-assisted Low range: 0~59
High range:
0~2957		 0.177 - - 98
BPA Sodium citrate and ethylenediamine Hydrothermal method 0.1~100 0.02 3 min Tap water,
River water,
Lake water		 99
4-NP Melamine and o-phenylenediamine Microwave radiation 0.083~80 0.083 2 min Tap water,
Sewage,
Yongjiang river water		 100
Thiram Citric acid and polyethylenimine Solvothermal method 0~10 0.059 4 min Tap water,
Apple peel,
Milk.		 101
Chlorpyrifos Citric acid and ethylenediamine Hydrothermal method 0.005~0.060 0.00145 60 min Apple,
Cabbage		 102
Table 3 Comparison of Detection Performance for Ratiometric Fluorescent Carbon Dots
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