Progress in Chemistry

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Research Progress of Carbon Dots as Fluorescent Probes in Environmental Monitoring

Congyin Zhang, Kuiyu Yi, Jia Feng, Hongwei Shi

Progress in Chemistry, DOI: 10.7536/PC20250625

Analyte	Precursors	Synthesis Method	Linear Range （μmol/L）	LOD （μmol/L）	Response Time	Real Samples	Ref
Fe³⁺	Citric acid (CA) and melamine	Hydrothermal method	20~80	3.18	15 min	Tap water, Sand lake water	48
Fe³⁺	4,5-Difluoro-1,2-phenylenediamine and ethylenediamine	Hydrothermal method	0.2~300	0.08	<5 min	Laboratory water, Dormitory water	49
Cu²⁺	Pine-cone biomass	Microwave pyrolysis	39.4~354.3	0.079	10 min	Wastewater effluent	50
Cu²⁺	Riboflavin (C₁₇H₂₀N₄O₆) and Fe₃O₄	Hydrothermal method	3.15~787.4	1.51	30 min	Tap water, River water	51
Al³⁺	Chitosan,and o-Phenylenediamine (OPD)	Microwave method	10~100	0.2	-	Tap water	52
Hg²⁺	Glutathione (GSH),ammonium ferric citrate (AFC),and diethylenetriamine (DETA)	solvothermal method	0.008~0.08	0.0054	3 min	Tap water, Yellow sea water	53
Co²⁺	BTA and choline chloride	Hydrothermal method	5~250	1.2269	1 min	Industrial wastewater	54
Pb²⁺	Fenugreek seeds	Hydrothermal method	39.5~395	9.345	2 min	-	55
Cr⁶⁺	Phytic acid (PA) and L-arginine (Arg)	Hydrothermal method	0.05~3	0.026	10 min	Water, Soil	56
Cr⁶⁺	Citric acid and ethylenediamine	Hydrothermal method	0~10.2	0.11	-	Tannery wastewater, Living cells	57
S²⁻	Melamine,and 2,4-difluorobenzoic acid	Hydrothermal method	0~30	0.168	1.5 min	Tap water	58
ClO⁻	3-Aminophenylboronic acid (3-APBA) and glutaric acid	Hydrothermal method	0.1~1000	0.5	2 h	Tap water, Drinking water	59
TC	Citric acid and Urea	microwave-assisted method	7~100	0.48	23 min	Tap water, River water, Lake water	60
OTC	ON-CQDs:Orange peel WN-CQDs:Watermelon peel	Hydrothermal method	ON-CQDs: 2~100 WN-CQDs: 0.25~100	ON-CQDs:0.973 WN-CQDs:0.077	20 min	Tap water, Lake water, Soil	61
4-NP	Sweet flagdried rhizomes	Microwave irradiation	0~14.28	0.207	1 min	Tap water, River water	62

Table 1 Comparison of detection performance in fluorescence quenching carbon dots

Other figure/table from this article

Fig. 1 Methods for synthesizing CDs^[23]
Fig. 2 A scheme showing PET from the CDs to the quencher and target analyte^[23]
Fig. 3 Optical properties of the FNCDs probe. （a） Abs, Ex, and Em spectra (inset: visible and UV light images);（b） 3D fluorescence spectrum^[49]
Fig. 4 Fluorescence detection of Cu²⁺ using PC-CDs.（a） Fluorescence emission spectra of PC-CDs with the addition of different concentrations of Cu²⁺;（b） relationship between the fluorescence intensity of PC-CDs and the concentration of Cu²⁺；（c） calibration curve of F₀/F versus the concentration of Cu²⁺^[50]
Fig. 5 Detection performance of the N-CQDs probes for OTC. Fluorescence emission spectra of (a) ON-CQDs and (b) WN-CQDs with the addition of different concentrations of OTC. Insets: the corresponding calibration curves of fluorescence intensity versus OTC concentration^[61]
Fig. 6 Dual-mode visual detection of Pb²⁺ using the GA-DMF CDs-based paper sensor.（a， b） Colorimetric response under daylight；（c， d） fluorimetric response under UV light^[70]
Fig. 7 Fluorescence enhancement response and dual-mode detection of FA by NCQDs. （a） Fluorescence emission spectra of NCQDs solution with increasing FA concentrations; (b) the quantitative relationship between fluorescence intensity and FA concentration; （c） fluorescence lifetime decay curves of NCQDs before and after reaction with FA；（d） schematic diagram of the NCQDs/PVA composite film for FA gas sensing；（e~g） fluorescence microscope images of the film under ambient air, water vapor, and FA gas；（h）fluorescence reversibility upon switching from FA gas back to air environmen^[79]
Table 2 Comparison of detection performance in fluorescence enhancement carbon dot
Fig. 8 （a） Fluorescence spectra of CDs and CCM (20 μmol/L) mixed with various concentrations of ClO⁻ (0-1500 μmol/L);（b） linear relationship between the ClO⁻concentration and fluorescence intensity (F₄₃₅/F₅₄₀)^[88]
Fig. 9 Schematic illustration of the fluorescent sensor based on CDs and AuNPs for carbaryl detection through the IFE^[97]
Fig. 10 Low concentration of glyphosate sensing based on ratiometric measurements^[98]
Fig. 11 Analytical performance of the CDs@Eu-AMP ratiometric fluorescence probe：（a） fluorescence spectral response of CDs@Eu-AMP to BPA concentration；（b） linear relationship between F₄₃₉/F₆₂₃ and BPA concentration^[99]
Fig. 12 Comparison of coffee-ring test strips based on（a） Eu-AMP，（b） CDs@Eu-AMP， and（c） CDs at different BPA concentrations^[99]
Fig. 13 Visual and quantitative detection of Thiram：（a~c） fabrication and working mechanism of the 3D-printed smartphone sensing platform；（d， e） fluorescence response images and quantitative calibration curves^[101]
Fig. 14 Smartphone-based biosensor (SBS): portable device and optical design.（a） Design diagram and photograph of the SBS；（b） user interface and operational flowchart of the custom SBS-App； parts assembly drawing of the SBS（c） and internal light path schematic^[102]
Table 3 Comparison of detection performance for ratiometric fluorescent carbon dots
Table 3 Comparison of Detection Performance for Ratiometric Fluorescent Carbon Dots

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