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Research Progress of Carbon Dots as Fluorescent Probes in Environmental Monitoring
Congyin Zhang, Kuiyu Yi, Jia Feng, Hongwei Shi
Progress in Chemistry, DOI: 10.7536/PC20250625

Analyte Precursors Synthesis Method Linear Range
（μmol/L）		 LOD
（μmol/L）		 Response Time (min) Real Sample Ref
Al3+/Hg2+ (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) and citric acid Solvothermal method Al3+: 1~200
Hg2+: 0.05~240		 Al3+: 0.81
Hg2+: 0.0196		 5 Tap water,
Yellow river water		 68
Hg2+ Citric acid and sodium sulfide nonahydrate (Na₂S·9H₂O) Hydrothermal method 0~100 0.07667 2 Tap water,
Groundwater
Sewage plant effluent,
Lead-containing seepage water		 69
Pb2+ Gallic acid (GA) and N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) Hydrothermal method 30~120 0.715 - Tap water,
RO water,
distilled water		 70
Cu2+/S2⁻ Hexamethylene-tetramine and ammonium citrate Hydrothermal method Cu2+: 0.05~5
S2⁻: 0.05~10		 Cu2+:0.025
S2⁻:0.032		 10 Tap water,
Lake water		 71
F⁻ Citric acid and urea Hydrothermal method 20~300 0.65 1 Tap water,
Taihu lake water		 72
F⁻ 2,3-diaminopyridine,and selenourea Hydrothermal method 2~60 0.39 - Tap water,
Milk		 73
ClO⁻ Adenine (AD) and ethylenediamine (EDA) Hydrothermal method 10~1000 0.82 - Tap water,
pool water,
River water		 74
PO43⁻ Paper mill sludge (PMS) Hydrothermal method 0.103~5.16 0.034 30 Tap water,
Natural water		 75
PO43⁻ Sodium citrate and urea Microwave method 0~1000 5.2 - - 76
TC/Fe3+ o-phenylenediamine and urea Microwave-assisted method TC: 0.1~10
Fe3+: 1~70		 TC:0.0555
Fe3+:0.1011		 <1 Tap water,
Milk		 77
OTC Neutral red and thiourea Hydrothermal method 2~50 0.023 2 Milk products 78
FA Alkali lignin (AL) and m-phenylenediamine (MPDA) Hydrothermal method 50~2000 4.64 1 Gaseous FA 79
Table 2 Comparison of detection performance in fluorescence enhancement carbon dot
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