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Research Progress of Carbon Dots as Fluorescent Probes in Environmental Monitoring
Congyin Zhang, Kuiyu Yi, Jia Feng, Hongwei Shi
Progress in Chemistry, DOI: 10.7536/PC20250625

Analyte Precursors Synthesis Method Linear Range
（μmol/L）		 LOD
（μmol/L）		 Response Time Real Sample Ref
Fe3+ Gallic acid and o-phenylenediamine Hydrothermal method 0~50 0.8 5 min Tap water,
spring water		 82
Cu2+ Pu-erh tea Brewing with hot water 0~170 0.051 1 h --- 83
Al3+ p-phenylenediamine and toluene Solvothermal method 0~35 0.09 5 min Tap water,
Ultrapure water		 84
Hg2+ Citric acid and glutathione Microwave-assisted method 0.1~90 0.041 5 min Tap water,
River water,
Lake water		 85
Hg2+ Ascorbic acid and thiourea Microwave-assisted method 0.05~7.0 0.018 5 min Tap water,
River water		 87
Pb2+ BCDs:Sodium citrate and polyacrylamide
RCDs:p-Phenylenediamine and ethanol		 Hydrothermal method 0~0.2 2.89×10-3 5 min Tap water,
Lake water		 86
ClO⁻ Glutathione Hydrothermal method 1~1500 0.03654 30 s Tap water, Swimming pool water, Milk 88
PO43⁻ GCDs:Perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic (PTCDA) and triethylamine (TEA)
RCDs:p-phenylenediamine (p-PDA)		 Hydrothermal method 0~55 0.09 2 min Tap water,
Lake water,
Soil extracts		 89
CN⁻ Citric acid and ethylenediamine anhydrous Hydrothermal method 0.008~75 0.008 10 min Tap water,
Cassava roots,
Sprouted potatoes,
Liquor		 90
S2⁻ Citric acid and urea. Hydrothermal method 1~50 0.35 2 min River water,
wastewater		 91
F⁻ o-Phenylenediamine and citric acid Hydrothermal method 0.5~150 0.0558 1 min Tap water,
Surface water,		 92
Table 3 Comparison of detection performance for ratiometric fluorescent carbon dots
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