Progress in Chemistry

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Research Progress of Carbon Dots as Fluorescent Probes in Environmental Monitoring

Congyin Zhang, Kuiyu Yi, Jia Feng, Hongwei Shi

Progress in Chemistry, DOI: 10.7536/PC20250625

Fig. 13 Visual and quantitative detection of Thiram：（a~c） fabrication and working mechanism of the 3D-printed smartphone sensing platform；（d， e） fluorescence response images and quantitative calibration curves^[101]

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Fig. 1 Methods for synthesizing CDs^[23]
Fig. 2 A scheme showing PET from the CDs to the quencher and target analyte^[23]
Fig. 3 Optical properties of the FNCDs probe. （a） Abs, Ex, and Em spectra (inset: visible and UV light images);（b） 3D fluorescence spectrum^[49]
Fig. 4 Fluorescence detection of Cu²⁺ using PC-CDs.（a） Fluorescence emission spectra of PC-CDs with the addition of different concentrations of Cu²⁺;（b） relationship between the fluorescence intensity of PC-CDs and the concentration of Cu²⁺；（c） calibration curve of F₀/F versus the concentration of Cu²⁺^[50]
Fig. 5 Detection performance of the N-CQDs probes for OTC. Fluorescence emission spectra of (a) ON-CQDs and (b) WN-CQDs with the addition of different concentrations of OTC. Insets: the corresponding calibration curves of fluorescence intensity versus OTC concentration^[61]
Table 1 Comparison of detection performance in fluorescence quenching carbon dots
Fig. 6 Dual-mode visual detection of Pb²⁺ using the GA-DMF CDs-based paper sensor.（a， b） Colorimetric response under daylight；（c， d） fluorimetric response under UV light^[70]
Fig. 7 Fluorescence enhancement response and dual-mode detection of FA by NCQDs. （a） Fluorescence emission spectra of NCQDs solution with increasing FA concentrations; (b) the quantitative relationship between fluorescence intensity and FA concentration; （c） fluorescence lifetime decay curves of NCQDs before and after reaction with FA；（d） schematic diagram of the NCQDs/PVA composite film for FA gas sensing；（e~g） fluorescence microscope images of the film under ambient air, water vapor, and FA gas；（h）fluorescence reversibility upon switching from FA gas back to air environmen^[79]
Table 2 Comparison of detection performance in fluorescence enhancement carbon dot
Fig. 8 （a） Fluorescence spectra of CDs and CCM (20 μmol/L) mixed with various concentrations of ClO⁻ (0-1500 μmol/L);（b） linear relationship between the ClO⁻concentration and fluorescence intensity (F₄₃₅/F₅₄₀)^[88]
Fig. 9 Schematic illustration of the fluorescent sensor based on CDs and AuNPs for carbaryl detection through the IFE^[97]
Fig. 10 Low concentration of glyphosate sensing based on ratiometric measurements^[98]
Fig. 11 Analytical performance of the CDs@Eu-AMP ratiometric fluorescence probe：（a） fluorescence spectral response of CDs@Eu-AMP to BPA concentration；（b） linear relationship between F₄₃₉/F₆₂₃ and BPA concentration^[99]
Fig. 12 Comparison of coffee-ring test strips based on（a） Eu-AMP，（b） CDs@Eu-AMP， and（c） CDs at different BPA concentrations^[99]
Fig. 14 Smartphone-based biosensor (SBS): portable device and optical design.（a） Design diagram and photograph of the SBS；（b） user interface and operational flowchart of the custom SBS-App； parts assembly drawing of the SBS（c） and internal light path schematic^[102]
Table 3 Comparison of detection performance for ratiometric fluorescent carbon dots
Table 3 Comparison of Detection Performance for Ratiometric Fluorescent Carbon Dots

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