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Experimental Preparation of Borophene and Its Application in Sensors

Shifan Chen, Yi Liu, Xiang Liu, Qian Tian, Guoan Tai

Progress in Chemistry, 2024, 36(8): 1119-1133. DOI: 10.7536/PC240122

Fig. 8 Borophene gas sensor: (a) Response curve at different NO₂ concentrations; (b) Response curve at low NO₂ concentration^[92]. Copyright 2021 Springer Nature

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Table 1 Characteristics and applications of two-dimensional materials^{[15⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~21]}
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram and physical characterization of γ-B₂₈ borophene: (a) Schematic diagram of preparation and structure of γ-B₂₈ borophene; (b) AFM images; (c) FFT images; (d) Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectrum; (e) Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectrum^[61]. Copyright 2015 John Wiley and Sons
Fig. 2 Synthesis of borophene on Ag (111) substrate: (a) Schematic diagram of MBE device for preparing borophene; (b) ~(g) STM image of borophene (left) and closed-loop dI/dV (right)^[71]. Copyright 2015 Science
Fig. 3 Crystal structure of borophene on mica substrates: (a) Atomic structure diagram of borophene and mica; (b) Structure of α′-2H borophene; (c) AFM image of borophene; (d) HRTEM image of borophene; (e) TEM image of borophene. Corresponding SAED images are shown as insets^[80]. Copyright 2021 ACS Publications
Fig. 4 Typical TEM images of few-layer B nanosheets prepared by 4 h tip ultrasonication in DMF (a, b) and IPA (c, d), followed by centrifugation at 5000 r/min for 30 min. The insets in (a), (c), and (d) display the corresponding FFT patterns of the selected regions^[81].Copyright 2018 ACS Publications
Fig. 5 Synthesis of αʹ-4H-borophene by in-situ thermal decomposition: (a) SEM image; (b) Statistical data of lateral dimensions of 80 nanosheets measured by SEM; (c) AFM image; (d) Low-resolution TEM image; (e) HRTEM image and corresponding SAED pattern; (f) Reconstructed HRTEM image of the FFT pattern extracted from the red rectangular region in (e)^[83]. Copyright 2020 John Wiley and Sons
Fig. 6 Morphology and crystallinity of borophene-graphene heterostructures: (a~c) SEM images of few-layer graphene, borophene, and borophene-graphene heterostructure; (d) Low-resolution TEM image of a typical borophene-graphene heterostructure; (e) Low-resolution TEM image of borophene; (f) HRTEM image extracted from the green rectangular region in (e). Insets show the corresponding SAED patterns and HRTEM images obtained from computational models; (g~i) STEM-HAADF-EDS elemental mapping of the borophene-graphene heterostructure^[85]. Copyright 2020 Springer Nature
Fig. 7 (a~e) Charge density difference maps of gas adsorption (CO, NO, CO₂, NO₂, NH₃) on the surface of borophene. Red surfaces indicate electron gain, while blue surfaces indicate electron loss; (f) Zero-bias transmission of pristine borophene and borophene+gas system; (g) I-V characteristics of monolayer borophene with different adsorbed gas molecules^[86].Copyright 2017 ACS Publications
Table 2 Gas sensing performances of some typical two- dimensional gas sensing materials^{[87⇓⇓⇓⇓~92]}
Fig. 9 Borophene pressure sensor: (a) Process flowchart for manufacturing the borophene pressure sensor; (b) Response characteristics of the sensor under static pressure; (c) Sensitivity of the sensor^[93]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier
Fig. 10 Borophene-graphene heterostructure humidity sensor: (a) Schematic representation of the sensor based on borophene-graphene heterostructure; (b) Humidity sensing behavior of the heterostructure sensor at different relative humidities; (c) Sensitivity of the heterostructure sensor exposed to different relative humidities; (d) Response and recovery curves of the heterostructure sensor under 85% RH; (e) Schematic diagram of the bent heterostructure sensor on a PET substrate; (f) Response curves of the sensor with and without applied bending strain^[85]. Copyright 2020 Springer Nature
Fig. 11 Borophene-BC₂N heterostructure humidity sensor: (a) Real-time response of the sensor at different humidity levels; (b) Long-term response of the sensor at different humidity levels; (c) Real-time current curve of the sensor as the fingertip approaches at different distances^[97]. Copyright 2023 RSC Society of Chemistry
Table 3 Humidity sensing performances of some typical two- dimensional material resistive humidity sensors^{[85,97⇓⇓⇓~101]}
Fig. 12 Research prospect in borophene