Progress in Chemistry

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Experimental Preparation of Borophene and Its Application in Sensors

Shifan Chen, Yi Liu, Xiang Liu, Qian Tian, Guoan Tai

Progress in Chemistry, 2024, 36(8): 1119-1133. DOI: 10.7536/PC240122

2D Materials	Structural characteristics	Physical characteristics	Potential application	ref
Borophene	Structural diversity More stable after hydrogenation	Dirac cones Larger Young’s modulus Superconductivity	Energy storage Nanoscale gas sensor Biomedical applications	15
Silicene	Low buckled geometry	Dirac cones High Fermi velocity and carrier mobility Spin-orbit coupling Ambipolar Dirac charge transport	Field effect transistor Spintronic devices	16
Germanene	Low buckled geometry	Resistance to atmospheric oxidation	Energy storage and catalysis	17
Phosphorene	Vertically skewed/wrinkled honeycomb structure	Semiconductor with a predicted direct bandgap Layer dependent photoluminescence Superior mechanical flexibility	Phosphorene-based devices	18,19
Hexagonal boron nitride	Hexagonal structure	Electrical insulation Excellent thermal conductivity	Substrates and gate dielectrics for 2D electronics applications Super-capacitor	20
Transition metal dihalides	Containing triangular and honeycomb transition metal nets	High temperature paramagnetic behavior	Kitaev spin liquid	21

Table 1 Characteristics and applications of two-dimensional materials^{[15⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~21]}

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Fig. 1 Schematic diagram and physical characterization of γ-B₂₈ borophene: (a) Schematic diagram of preparation and structure of γ-B₂₈ borophene; (b) AFM images; (c) FFT images; (d) Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectrum; (e) Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectrum^[61]. Copyright 2015 John Wiley and Sons
Fig. 2 Synthesis of borophene on Ag (111) substrate: (a) Schematic diagram of MBE device for preparing borophene; (b) ~(g) STM image of borophene (left) and closed-loop dI/dV (right)^[71]. Copyright 2015 Science
Fig. 3 Crystal structure of borophene on mica substrates: (a) Atomic structure diagram of borophene and mica; (b) Structure of α′-2H borophene; (c) AFM image of borophene; (d) HRTEM image of borophene; (e) TEM image of borophene. Corresponding SAED images are shown as insets^[80]. Copyright 2021 ACS Publications
Fig. 4 Typical TEM images of few-layer B nanosheets prepared by 4 h tip ultrasonication in DMF (a, b) and IPA (c, d), followed by centrifugation at 5000 r/min for 30 min. The insets in (a), (c), and (d) display the corresponding FFT patterns of the selected regions^[81].Copyright 2018 ACS Publications
Fig. 5 Synthesis of αʹ-4H-borophene by in-situ thermal decomposition: (a) SEM image; (b) Statistical data of lateral dimensions of 80 nanosheets measured by SEM; (c) AFM image; (d) Low-resolution TEM image; (e) HRTEM image and corresponding SAED pattern; (f) Reconstructed HRTEM image of the FFT pattern extracted from the red rectangular region in (e)^[83]. Copyright 2020 John Wiley and Sons
Fig. 6 Morphology and crystallinity of borophene-graphene heterostructures: (a~c) SEM images of few-layer graphene, borophene, and borophene-graphene heterostructure; (d) Low-resolution TEM image of a typical borophene-graphene heterostructure; (e) Low-resolution TEM image of borophene; (f) HRTEM image extracted from the green rectangular region in (e). Insets show the corresponding SAED patterns and HRTEM images obtained from computational models; (g~i) STEM-HAADF-EDS elemental mapping of the borophene-graphene heterostructure^[85]. Copyright 2020 Springer Nature
Fig. 7 (a~e) Charge density difference maps of gas adsorption (CO, NO, CO₂, NO₂, NH₃) on the surface of borophene. Red surfaces indicate electron gain, while blue surfaces indicate electron loss; (f) Zero-bias transmission of pristine borophene and borophene+gas system; (g) I-V characteristics of monolayer borophene with different adsorbed gas molecules^[86].Copyright 2017 ACS Publications
Fig. 8 Borophene gas sensor: (a) Response curve at different NO₂ concentrations; (b) Response curve at low NO₂ concentration^[92]. Copyright 2021 Springer Nature
Table 2 Gas sensing performances of some typical two- dimensional gas sensing materials^{[87⇓⇓⇓⇓~92]}
Fig. 9 Borophene pressure sensor: (a) Process flowchart for manufacturing the borophene pressure sensor; (b) Response characteristics of the sensor under static pressure; (c) Sensitivity of the sensor^[93]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier
Fig. 10 Borophene-graphene heterostructure humidity sensor: (a) Schematic representation of the sensor based on borophene-graphene heterostructure; (b) Humidity sensing behavior of the heterostructure sensor at different relative humidities; (c) Sensitivity of the heterostructure sensor exposed to different relative humidities; (d) Response and recovery curves of the heterostructure sensor under 85% RH; (e) Schematic diagram of the bent heterostructure sensor on a PET substrate; (f) Response curves of the sensor with and without applied bending strain^[85]. Copyright 2020 Springer Nature
Fig. 11 Borophene-BC₂N heterostructure humidity sensor: (a) Real-time response of the sensor at different humidity levels; (b) Long-term response of the sensor at different humidity levels; (c) Real-time current curve of the sensor as the fingertip approaches at different distances^[97]. Copyright 2023 RSC Society of Chemistry
Table 3 Humidity sensing performances of some typical two- dimensional material resistive humidity sensors^{[85,97⇓⇓⇓~101]}
Fig. 12 Research prospect in borophene

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