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化学进展 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (4): 983-991 DOI: 10.7536/PC210122 前一篇   后一篇

• 综述 •

p区金属基电催化还原二氧化碳制甲酸催化剂研究进展

于丰收*(), 湛佳宇, 张鲁华   

  1. 河北工业大学化工节能过程集成与资源利用国家地方联合工程实验室 化工学院 天津 300131
  • 收稿日期:2021-01-26 修回日期:2021-05-18 出版日期:2022-04-24 发布日期:2021-07-29
  • 通讯作者: 于丰收
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(21905073); 国家自然科学基金项目(22008048); 河北省海外高层次人才百人计划资助项目(E2019050015)
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The progress on Electrochemical CO2-to-Formate Conversion by p-Block Metal Based Catalysts

Fengshou Yu(), Jiayu Zhan, Lu-Hua Zhang   

  1. National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation of Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology,Tianjin 300131, China
  • Received:2021-01-26 Revised:2021-05-18 Online:2022-04-24 Published:2021-07-29
  • Contact: Fengshou Yu
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21905073); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22008048); Hundred Talents Project of Hebei Province(E2019050015)

以清洁可再生电能为驱动力,常温常压下将二氧化碳(CO2)选择性还原转化生成高附加值化学品或燃料,是解决目前能源和环境问题、实现CO2资源化利用、促进碳循环回归平衡的有效手段之一。由于生成不同产物的还原电位和反应历程不同,单位产物的生产成本各有差异。最近研究表明,HCOOH是所有电化学CO2还原产物中最具有经济效益和实用价值的产物之一。本文从电催化还原CO2制HCOOH生成机理出发,综述了p区金属(如Sn、Bi、In)基催化剂在电催化还原CO2制HCOOH领域取得的重要研究进展,其中以典型催化剂为例分析了CO2还原生成HCOOH活性提高策略如氧化物还原转化、形貌调控、掺杂和合金化等,重点探讨了活性位点种类、数量以及催化剂电子结构在关键中间体*CO2.-、*OCHO的形成和吸附中的作用,最后总结了目前该领域面临的挑战以及未来发展方向。

关键词： 二氧化碳, 电化学, 还原, 催化, 甲酸, p区金属

Electrochemical CO2 reduction to value added chemical feedstocks and fuels driven by renewable electricity gives a promising and appealing approach to address the global challenges in energy and sustainability and eventually close the anthropogenic carbon cycle. The most crucial step for this conversion is to develop robust electrocatalysts promoting adsorption of CO2 molecule and subsequent activation with low energy barriers. Due to the different overpotentials and electron transfer amount needed for various reduction products, there is huge gap of producing price among a variety of products. Based on recent research, formic acid (or formate) is one of the most economically viable and useful reduction product in a couple of chemical processes. In this paper, starting with fundamental understanding of reaction mechanism, we review the main progress of p-block post-transition metal (e.g., Sn, Bi, and In) based electrocatalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction to produce formic acid. In addition, strategies to facilitate the catalytic performance of CO2 to formic acid) conversion including reduction conversion of metal oxides, morphology control, doping and alloying to modulate the electronic structure are also be briefly reviewed. Finally, we summarize the existing challenges and present perspectives for the future development of this exciting field.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The mechanism of CO2-to-formate conversion

3 p-block metal-based catalysts

3. 1 Sn-based catalysts

3. 2 Bi-based catalysts

3.3 In-based catalysts

4 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: carbon dioxide, electrochemical, reduction, catalysis, formic acid, p-block metals
()
图1 电催化还原 CO2产物能耗与其市场价关系图[10]
Fig. 1 Market price of select CO2 recycling products as a function of energy content. Lines represent minimum energy and CO2 costs[10]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH
表1 p区金属基电催化剂生成甲酸性能
Table 1 The performance of various p-block metal-based electrocatalysts for CO2-to-HCOOH conversion
Electrocatalysts Electrolyte Formate FEmax j at FEmax (mA·cm-2) ref
Sn 0.1 M KHCO3 88.4%@-1.48 V vs NHE 5.0 23
Sn/SnO2 0.1 M KHCO3 82.1%@-1.6 V vs SCE 22.9 25
np-Sn/SnO2 0.5 M NaHCO3 80%@-1.1 V vs RHE 16 26
Sn/CP-UPED 0.1 M KHCO3 88.8%@-1.7 V vs Ag/AgCl 6.5 27
OE-Sn 0.1 M KHCO3 85%@-1.8 V vs Ag/AgCl 5.4 28
SnO2/CC 3 M KCl 87%@-1.6 V vs Ag/AgCl 45 34
Sn-pNWs 0.1 M KHCO3 80.1%@-1.0 V vs RHE 4.806 35
Sn(S)/Au 0.1 M KHCO3 93.3%@-0.75 V vs RHE 55 36
SnO2/CC 0.1 M NaHCO3 93%@-1.8 V vs SCE 55 41
SnO2/CP 0.1 M NaHCO3 90%@-1.8 V vs SCE - 42
Bi-SnO/Cu foam 0.1 M KHCO3 93%@-1.7 V vs Ag/AgCl 12 48
CuSn3 0.1 M KHCO3 95%@-0.5 V vs RHE 33 53
PdSn/C 0.5 M KHCO3 99%@-0.43 V vs RHE - 19
Ag76Sn24 - 87.2%@-0.9 V versus RHE - 55
Bi dendrite 0.5 M KHCO3 89%@-0.74 V vs RHE 2.7 65
Bi flake 0.1 M KHCO3 99%@-0.6 V vs RHE - 66
Bi Nanosheets 0.1 M KHCO3 86%@-1.1 V vs RHE 16.5 67
Commercial Bi 0.5 M NaHCO3 90%@-1.74 V vs SCE 24 68
BiBrO templated 2 M KHCO3 90% 200 69
BiOBr 0.1 M KHCO3 99%@-0.95 V vs RHE - 70
Bi2O3NSs@MCCM 0.1 M KHCO3 93.8%@-1.256 V vs RHE - 71
Cu-Bi 0.1 M KHCO3 90%@-0.8 V vs RHE - 73
In NPS 0.5 M K2SO4 100% - 76
In 0.5 M KHCO3 86%@-0.86 V vs RHE 5.8 80
图2 电催化还原CO2生成甲酸、CO和其他产物的反应过程
Fig. 2 Possible reaction pathways for electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate, CO, and other products
图3 (a)碳布负载SnO2催化剂扫描电镜图;不同电位下的催化电流密度(b)和产物法拉第效率(c)[34]。石墨烯限域Sn量子点高倍透射电镜(d);不同电位下催化电流密度(e)和甲酸FE(f)[42]。Ag-Sn/SnOx结构示意图(g),高倍扫描透射电镜(h)和电子能量损失谱(i)[55]
Fig. 3 SEM images of porous SnO2 nanosheets on carbon cloth (a), and the current density (b) and corresponding FE (c) for reduction products at various potentials[34]. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH. The HRTEM image of the Sn quantum sheets confined in graphene (d) and Linear sweep voltammetric curves (e) and Faradaic efficiencies (f) for formate formation[42]. Copyright 2016, Nature. The structure of Ag-Sn with ultrathin partially oxidized SnO2 shell (g), and the corresponding HAADF-STEM image (h) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) mappings (i)[55]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society
图4 (a)BiOI电极的扫描电镜;(b)Bi纳米片与商业化Bi纳米粉末法拉第效率对比[68]。(c)BiOx/C的扫描透射电镜及示意图;(f)BiOx/C电极的法拉第效率[72]
Fig. 4 (a) SEM image of BiOI. (b) potential-dependent Faradaic efficiencies of HCOO-, CO, and H2 on Bi nanosheet in comparison with the Faradaic efficiency of HCOO- on commercial Bi nanopowder[68]. Copyright 2018, Nature. (c) STEM image and schematic representation of BiOx/C. (d) Faradic efficiencies of BiOx/C for the formation of HCOO-, H2, and CO[72]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society
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