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Progress in Chemistry 2005, No.05 Previous issue Next issue

In this issue:

Review
Supported Noble Metal Electrocatalysts in Low Temperature Fuel Cells
Li Wenzhen1,Sun Gongquan1,Yan Yushan3,Xin Qin1,2*
2005, 17 (05): 761-772 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Recent progress in synthesis and electrochemical properties of supported mixed noble metal and alloys electrocatalysts is reviewed for low temperature fuel cells. The synthesis methods for noble metal catalysts are summarized and the application of nanocarbon materials as support for electrocatalysts is also discussed. Perspectives for the development of electrocatalyst are provided
New Generation of Fluorescence Probes Based on Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer
Lv Fengting,Gao Lining,Fang Yu**
2005, 17 (05): 773-779 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
The photophysical properties and applications in the determination of polarity of microenvironment, sens-ing of micro-phase transitions and micro-phase separation, and measurement of membrane dipole potential of the deriva-tives of 3-hydroxyflavone are reviewed.
Progress in Chiral Supramolecular Assembling
Yuan Qing,Zhang Li,Huang Xin,Jiang Siguang,Liu Minghua**
2005, 17 (05): 780-788 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
The basic constructing methods and characters of supramolecular chirality are described. Recent progress in the research on the supramolecular chirality of three kinds of molecular assemblies is reviewed, which contains (i) su-pramolecular assemblies from chiral molecules, (ii) induced chirality of achiral molecules by chiral matrix or template and (iii) supramolecular chirality from complete achiral molecules. The potential applications and future development of the research on the chiral supramolecular assembly are discussed.
Progress in Supercritical Fluid Precipitation Technology Used for Preparation of Microparticles
Hong Hailong**,He Wenzhi,Suo Quanling,A Shan
2005, 17 (05): 789-792 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Supercritical fluid precipitation (SFP) technology used for formation of microparticles is attracting wide-spread attention and has exhibited a great perspective application in electronics, ceramics, materials, pharmaceuticals, etc. The concepts, characteristics and the related application of the newly developed SFP technologies including PGSS, SAA and DELOS are introduced, and current issues relating to the SFP technologies are addressed.
Separation of Organics from Ionic Liquids Using Supercritical Fluids and Phase Behaviors of These Systems
Fu Dongbao,Zhao Suoqi**,Pu Jinjun,Sun Xuewen
2005, 17 (05): 793-799 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Ionic liquids hold great potential as replacements for traditional volatile organic solvents due to iheir unique characteristics. However, the separation and recovery of ionic liquids from process streams is a major challenge for the development of industrial processes that will use these interesting new solvents. Distillation, liquid-liquid extraction and supercritical fluid extraction are known feasible separation methods. Among the rest, supercritical fluid extraction can be used to separate both volatile and relatively non-volatile organic compounds from ionic liquids without cross-contamina-tion between phases. The latest progress in the separation methods is reviewed from the aspects of phase behavior of bina-ry system, phase behavior of ternary system, modeling and experimental results of supercritical fluid extraction. A new idea is put forward that supercritical propane could be an alternative for supercritical carbon dioxide. The future research and the industrialization prospect of the technology are also approached.
Preparation and Application of Water-Soluble Quantum Dots
Xu Hai'e,Yan Cui'e*
2005, 17 (05): 800-808 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Water-soluble quantum dots (QDs) with high photo-luminescence quantum efficiency have shown great potentials in photonic crystals, thin-film light-emitting devices, and especially biological labels. Since QDs are bright, photo-stable and have a broad excitation spectrum but a narrow emission at wavelengths controllable by the size and the composition of the material, they allow for efficient multicolor imaging of biological samples and should be especially use-ful for fluorescence imaging in living tissues, where signals can be obscured by scattering and competing intrinsic emis-sions . QDs have become one of the most attractive areas of current research and a new kind of interdisciplinary science. Recently, valuable progress has been achieved in water-soluble QDs as fluorescent biological labels. In this paper, struc-tural and optical properties of QDs are introduced, recent developments with preparation and applications of water-soluble QDs are reviewed, especially as fluorescent probes in biology and biomedicine.
Advances in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Mesoporous Silicas
Liu Jian1,2,Yang Qihua1**,Zhang Lei1,Guo Yajun2
2005, 17 (05): 809-817 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Organic groups can be incorporated in the mesoporous materials through grafting and co-condensation methods . The mesoporous materials with organic functional groups in the pores or within the frameworks can be defined as the organic group bonded mesoporous silicas and organic group bridged mesoporous silicas. The advances in synthesis and applications of hybrid organic-inorganic mesoporous silicas are briefly reviewed. The potential applications of the organic group bridged mesoporous silicas are highlighted.
Progress in Fluorene-Based Electroluminescent Materials
Jiang Hongji,Feng Jiachun,Wen Guian,Wei Wei,Xu Xiaojie,Huang Wei**
2005, 17 (05): 818-825 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
The development of organic electroluminescent materials is one of the forefronts and hot areas of the optoelectronic information materials, on account of the advantages of organic electroluminescent malerials compared to inorganic counterpart. Fluorene and its derivatives which have an aromatic biphenyl stmcture with wide energy gap in the backbones and high luminescent efficiency have drawn much attention of malerials chemists and device physicists. The progress about fluorene-based electroluminescent materials domestic and abroad as well as our own work in the past few years is reviewed. Some issues to be addressed and hotspots to be further investigated are also discussed.
Studies of Non-Destructive Data Storage and Retrieval with 1,2-Diarylethene Photochromophores
Wen Guotao,Ding Xiaoyuan,Liu Lei,Guo Qiangxiang**
2005, 17 (05): 826-838 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
1,2-diarylethenes are promising molecules to be used as photochromic memory materials and molecular switches due to their excellent thermal stability and fatigue resistance. The synthesis and photochemical properties of 1,2-diarylethenes, focusing on the progress in non-destructive data storage and retrieval with 1, 2-diarylethene photochromophores are reviewed
Advances in Research of Metallorganic Precursors for Ferroelectric Oxide Thin Films via MOCVD
Kong Xiangrong,Liu Junliang,Zeng Yanwei*
2005, 17 (05): 839-846 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Ferroelectric thin films as the highly functional materials are nowadays become one of the research hotspots. With the steady research and development of novel metallorganic precursors, the MOCVD film fabrication technique for ferroelectric thin films has experienced a rapid development in recent years. In this paper through analyzing the close relationships underlying the stmcture and physicochemical properties of metallorganics such as metal-alkoxides, metal /?-diketonates, etc. , the latest advances in the research of metallorganic precursors for ferroelectric oxide thin films via MOCVD and their developing tendency are reviewed in an attempt of providing valuable references to proper metallorganic precursors for better ferroelectric oxide thin films by MOCVD.
Gold Nano-Particles/Polymer Composites
Zhao Xiuli1,2,Ding Xiaobin1*,Zheng Zhaohui1,Peng Yuxing1*,Tian Chunrong2,Wang Jianhua2,Long Xinping2
2005, 17 (05): 847-853 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Gold nano-particles/polymer composites have attracted increasing scientific interests because of their unique electronic, optical properties and potential applications. The methods of preparing gold nano-particles and the development of the gold nano-particles/polymer composite' s preparation technique and mechanism, especially the composite of gold nano-particles with intelligent polymer are reviewed in this paper.
Double-Hydrophilic Block Copolymers and Their Self-Assembly
Dou Hongjing*,Sun Kang
2005, 17 (05): 854-859 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
The development of the double-hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) and their self-assembly are reviewed. The effects of temperature, pH, ionic strength, and complexation on the self-assembly of DHBCs as well as their applications are discussed .
Progress in Organic Polysilanes Interrupted by Oxygen
Cui Mengzhong1,2,Li Zhuyun2,Yuan Weizhong1,Xi Jingyu1,Zhu Lu1,Tang Xiaozhen1*
2005, 17 (05): 860-867 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
A novel type of organosilicone polymers, polysilane interrupted by oxygen in the skeleton regularly is introduced. The synthetic methods and properties of these new polymers are summarized. Since their structure is a hybrid of polysilane and polysiloxane, the knowledge about the behavior of these polymers permits us a deeper understanding of the chemistry of polysiloxanes and polysilanes. Two general synthetic methods of these polymers, including the poly condensation of a, co-functionalized linear oligosilanes and the ring opening polymerization of cyclic silaethers, as well as mechanism and equilibria of the ring-opening polymerization of (SiMe2O)2, are discussed. Attention is also devoted to characterization, thermal properties and morphology. The prospective applications of these polysilanes are also discussed.
Liquid Crystal Dendritic Polymers
Zhao Yaqing,Dong Yanming**,Li Jun,Huang Jianying,Zheng Yinjian,Chen Xiaojun
2005, 17 (05): 868-875 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Dendritic polymers including dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers are novel class of synthesized polymers. They have received more and more research interest from materials scientists because of their unique structure characteristics and applications. They are functionalized to given properties, such as liquid crystallinity according to the small length to diameter ratio. Dendrimers display a treelike architecture and are not expected to display liquid crystallinity. But several research groups focused on the self-organization of dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers in liquid crystalline phase and reported many types of liquid crystals, which covered almost all the liquid crystalline phase reported in other polymers. The recent advance in liquid crystal dendritic polymer based on the different types of liquid crystal phases is reviewed in this paper.
Principles and Applications of QCM and SAW in Real-Time Detection
Xu Xiuming1,2,Wang Junde1,Li Haiyang1*
2005, 17 (05): 876-880 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Piezoelectric chemical sensor is an important mass-sensitive detector.lt has a wide application for its superiority such as small size, fast response and high sensitivity, etc. The principles of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface acousitc wave (SAW) are introduced and their applications in recent years are reviewed.The method to improve the sensitivity and the trends of mass-sensitive detector are discussed.
Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies on Colloid Dispersive Systems and Organized Molecular Assemblies
Zhuang Wenchang1,Chen Xiao1**,Zhao Jikuan1,Wang Lvyan1,Li Zhihong2
2005, 17 (05): 881-888 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Small angle X-ray scatlering (SAXS) has already become a powerful research tool in the interdisciplinary frontier so called "soft condensed matter". The characteristics of SAXS and its wide applications in colloid dispersive systems and organized molecular assemblies are reviewed in this paper. Focuses are laid on studying the size distribution of particle or the aperture, the dispersal states of the colloid systems, long range order structures and the interaction of complex systems.
Applications of FTIR in Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis
Huang Qiang,Long Quan,Zheng Baozhong**
2005, 17 (05): 889-896 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Recent Progress in the applications of transmission, diffuse reflectance, attenuated total reflection, photoacoustic and microscopic Fourier-transform infrared spectioscopy for qualitative and quantitative analyses in solid-phase organic synthesis is reviewed.
Research Progress in Papaverine Determination
Yan Jin,Zhao Meiping**,Li Yuanzong,Chang Wenbao
2005, 17 (05): 897-904 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Being commonly used in clinical treatment and illegally used as additive in food products, papaverine and pericarpium papaveris have attracted many researchers to establish reliable determination methods. The structural characters and clinical use of papaverine and pericarpium papaveris are systematically summarized. Introduction and evaluation of related determination methods, including chemical analysis, spectral analysis, electrochemistry, chromatographic techniques, electrophoresis and immunoassay method are presented. The developing trend of papaverine determination is also proposed.
Progress in Study of Protein Denaturation and Thermodynamic Parameters of Denaturation
Lu Yan**,Li Xiangrong
2005, 17 (05): 905-910 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
The study of biological macromolecules has been one of the popular and difficult research area in liie science in recent years. The study of protein denaturation is conductive to reveal the mechanism of living phenomenon. Using the methods of spectroscopy and thermodynamics, one can study the problems of protein denaturation from the microscopic and macroscopic aspects respectively. The thermodynamic parameters which manifest the protein denaturation can be obtained in the study. All the studies are significant to understand more deeply and precisely the folding and unfolding, the stability and denaturation of proteins and the metabolism in living systems. In recent years, much hard work has been done by scholars from all over the world. These work has mainly involved the denaturation mechanism of proteins in water, in the solution with denaturant and in the solution with other matters. The thermodynamic parameters, which be used to manifest the protein denaluration, are heat capacity, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy. The recent progress in study of protein denaturation is reviewed.
Applications of Nanoparticles in Electrochemical DNA Biosensors
Qi Honglan,Zhang Chengxiao**
2005, 17 (05): 911-915 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Much attention has been drawn to nanoparticles in electrochemical deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) biosensors due to the advantage of enhancing the sensitivity of the biosensors. The principle and classification of electrochemical DNA biosensors are introduced. The applications of nanoparticles in electrochemical DNA biosensors are reviewed in detail.
Advances in L-Nucleosides as Anti-HIV and Anti-HBV Agents
Dong Chunhong1,Chang Junbiao1,2*
2005, 17 (05): 916-923 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Drug discovery for anti-HIV, anti-HBV chemotherapy has provided the effective clinical treatment. Among these antiviral agents used in therapy, nucleoside analogues are particularly useful. In this paper, the antiviral mechanism of the nucleoside analogues, the discovery of L-nucleoside and the classificalion of some new anti-HIV, anti-HBV L-nucleoside analogues are introduced. In addition, the datum of two enantiomers of some anti-HIV, anti-HBV nucleoside analogues indicate that the bioactivities and securities of L-nucleoside analogues is superior to the counterpart enantiorners. As a result, the medicinal chemists have focused their attention on designing and preparing new L-nucleoside analogues to search for more powerful and securer new antiviral agents.
Fundamentals of Biocatalysis in Organic Solvents
Yang Zhen*
2005, 17 (05): 924-930 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Nonaqueous enzymology has attracted more and more interests from researchers and industry because of the unique properties provided by enzymes in nonaqueous environments. Supported by an exponential growth of the literature, this rapidly developing research area has made tremendous progress in recent years in gaining an improved fundamental understanding of enzyme function and activation in organic media. In such a non-conventional milieu, the enzyme maintains its structural and mechanistic integrity. The role of water and solvents on enzyme function has been discussed in detail, such as the effects of water on enzyme activity and protein mobility, the effects of solvent on the water associated with the enzyme, on enzyme s active site and protein dynamics and conformation, on substrates and products, and on the enzymatic activation energy. A series of methods and techniques for activating enzymes in organic solvents have been summarized, such as to overcome the limitations in diffusion and accessibility, to optimize the pH situation, to minimize the effect of solvents on activation energy, to enhance the conformational mobility of the enzyme, and to prevent enzyme denaturation during dehydration by lyophilizing enzymes in the presence of a selection of organic or inorganic excipients (e.g. nonbuffer salts or macrocycles) . These techniques are quite simple and scalable, and can promote a wide range of enzyme activation (up to 105-fold) through different mechanisms. All these will undoubtedly help us to effectively design high-activity enzyme preparations suitable for use in organic solvents and to broaden the applications of nonaqueous enzymology to a greater extent.
Research Progress in Lattice Matching and Electrostatic Compatibility in Growth of Biominerals Induced by Monolayers
Ou Yangjianming**
2005, 17 (05): 931-937 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
Lattice geometrical matching and electrostatic compatibility are the most important factors to lead oriented nucleation and then to give special physical and chemical properties to biominerals in organisms. However, it is not fully understood how the organic matrices to control the nucleation and growth process of inorganic crystals. As an important template in mimicking biomineralization, Langmuir monolayer has special advantages. In this paper, the research progress in lattice geometrical matching and electrostatic interactions of biominerals such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphates, barite and lepidocrocite, etc, are reviewed. The effects of hydrophilic headgroups, charges and the aggregated states of monolayers on lattice geometrical matching and electrostatic compatibility at the inorganic/organic interfaces are discussed. The problems faced and the developing direction are also indicated.
Advances in Photolysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Water
Niu Junfeng,Yu Gang**,Liu Xitao
2005, 17 (05): 938-948 |
Published: 24 September 2005
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Abstract
The latest developments in photolysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in water are reviewed. The photolytic pathway, mechaniam and quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) of POPs are discussed in detail.