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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (5): 883-894 DOI: 10.7536/PC200660 Previous Articles   

• Original article •

Micro/Nanomotors on the Way to Intelligent Cancer Diagnosis, Delivery and Therapy

Jiajia Wang1, Huiying Wu1, Renfeng Dong1, Yuepeng Cai1   

  1. 1 South China Normal University, School of Chemistry, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21671071); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21805096); Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Project(2017B090917002); Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Project(2019A050510038); Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Project(2019B1515120027); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M662948); South China Normal University Young Teachers Research and Development Fund(18KJ13)
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Cancers seriously threaten human health due to their relatively high mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment play key roles in improving the cancers cure rate and saving people’s lives. With the development of science and nanotechnology, the advent of micro/nanomotors with self-propelled capabilities has enabled exciting opportunities for the diagnosis and therapy of cancers. The micro/nanomotors can effectively convert diverse energy sources(light, ultrasound, magnetic, electrical, heat, etc.) into their own driving forces, and show encouraging potential for performing various complex and precise tasks in the micrometer or nanometer space. Compared with nanomaterials with passive Brownian motion, micro/nanomotors with active propulsion capabilities endow more flexibility in intelligent cancer diagnosis and treatment. With the development of fabrication strategies, various shapes of micro/nanomotors that can be driven in various modes have been successfully fabricated, such as Janus microspheres, microtubular microrockets and nanowires, etc. These micro/nanomotors have been widely used in different fields of cancer research, as evidenced by significant breakthroughs in the development of a series of intracellular delivery systems, novel diagnosis methods and imaging strategies. In this review, we mainly focus on the tremendous inspiration and opportunities offered by micro/nanomotors in intelligent cancer diagnosis and therapy. Firstly, we demonstrate the recent progress of micro/nanomotors in the fields of cancer diagnostics(ranging from isolation of circulating tumor cells to detection of cancer related biomarkers, such as protein and microRNA), cancer-target delivery(such as drug, interfering RNA, etc.), as well as tumor phototherapy. The challenges and outlooks of micro/nanomotors for future development are also discussed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Cancer diagnosis

2.1 Chemical field-driven micro/nanomotor for detection of circulating tumor cells(CTC)

2.2 Physical field-driven micro/nanomotor for detection of intracellular tumor-related biomarkers

3 Targeted drug delivery

3.1 Chemical field-driven motor assist targeted drug delivery

3.2 Physical field-driven motor assist targeted drug delivery

4 Micro/nanomotor-assisted tumor phototherapy

4.1 Photothermal therapy of tumor

4.2 Photodynamic therapy of tumor

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: micro/nanomotors, cancer, diagnosis, therapy, intelligent
Fig. 1 (a) Magnetic nanospheres for capturing and separating circulating cancer cells[41];(b) Schematic illustration of microrockets for capture and isolation of cancer cells[42]
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of AIB1 detection in living cancer cells using ultrasound(US)-propelled FAM-AIB1-apt-GO/AuNW nanomotors based on “OFF-ON” fluorescence sensing strategy [59]
Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of the intracellular delivery using Janus Pt/CaCO3@HA-CB[6] nanomotors by the dual stimuli-responsive targeting effect[67]
Fig. 4 (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of enzyme-powered mesoporous silica nanomotors[73];(b) Schematic of enzyme-powered nanomotors for drug delivery;the nanomotors are driven by the enzymatic conversion of urea; at acidic pH in cancer cells, supramolecular nanovalve opens and releases their cargo[73]
Fig. 5 (a) Schematic diagram of the structure of magnetically driven nanomotors for targeted drug delivery[39];(b) The sperm-hybrid micromotor for targeted drug delivery. The drug-loaded sperm can be guided magnetically, and when the tetrapod of the micromotor hits a tumor spheroid, the tetrapod bends and releases the drug-loaded sperm[75]
Fig. 6 (a) Schematic illustration of the kinds of motion in a 4 MHz acoustic field, including in-plane rotation, axial directional motion, chain assembly, etc.[77];(b) Schematic of nanoporous Au nanomotors for targeted drug delivery under ultrasound field[38];(c) Schematic diagram of the acoustically propelled nanomotors for siRNA delivery, including fluorescence images[78]
Fig. 7 (a) Schematic diagram of a Au-BP@SP Janus nanoparticle for PTT under NIR laser irradiation[87];(b) Schematic diagram of the fabrication of the MPCM-camouflaged Janus mesoporous silica nanomotor(MPCM@JMSNM) and its application in tumor photothermal therapy[88];(c) Schematic illustration for the autonomous photothermal ablation of cancer cells using the nanomotors[89]
Fig. 8 (a) Schematic diagram of the fabrication of RBCM micromotors;(b) Schematic of ultrasound-powered and magnetically guided RBCM micromotors for the PDT[94]
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