Progress in Chemistry

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On-line Preconcentration of Sample in Capillary Electrophoresis

Xu Hui,Zhu Ying,Yu Xiaodong,Chen Hongyuan^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 377-383.

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Xu Hui,Zhu Ying,Yu Xiaodong,Chen Hongyuan^*. On-line Preconcentration of Sample in Capillary Electrophoresis[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 377-383.

The sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis is greatly limited due to the small injection volume and the short optical path length. In order to improve the detection sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis, various sample preconcentration methods have been developed. The recent development of these methods and their applications are concisely reviewed with 88 references.
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Electrochemical Deposition of Nanomaterials Templated from Lyotropic Liquid Crystals

Chai Yongcun,Chen Xiao^**,Zhao Jikuan

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 384-388.

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Chai Yongcun,Chen Xiao^**,Zhao Jikuan. Electrochemical Deposition of Nanomaterials Templated from Lyotropic Liquid Crystals[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 384-388.

Research progress is reviewed on electrodeposition of nanomaterials such as nanofilms and nanowires of metals, semiconductors and conductive polymers templated by lyotropic liquid crystals which are formed by small molecular surfactant. Factors affecting the morphology and properties of the products are analyzed. The trend for future research is also prospected.
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Progress in Water-Gas-Shift Catalysts

Liu Quansheng^**,Zhang Qiancheng,Ma Wenping,He Runxia,Kou Lijie,Mou Zhanjun

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 389-398.

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Liu Quansheng^**,Zhang Qiancheng,Ma Wenping,He Runxia,Kou Lijie,Mou Zhanjun. Progress in Water-Gas-Shift Catalysts[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 389-398.

The reforming of hydrocarbon with water vapor and the water-gas-shift reaction (WGSR) are the traditional and economic technologies for the production of hydrogen. Three classes of WGSR catalysts, e.g. Fe2 O3 -Cr2O3, CuO-ZnO-Al2 O3 and Co-MoO3-Al203, have been commercialized in the world after continuing efforts during the past 80 years. Recent years, the WGSR catalysts have drawn renewed attention due to its appearing/applying in the fuel cell (FC) technology, which is a fast developing topic today. This paper reviews comprehensively the traditional WGSR catalysts and recent progress of the WGSR catalysts used in the FC. It is recommended that the research direction of the WGSR catalysts for the FC should be directed to the bi-functional noble metal/support catalysts. The types of noble metal and support, preparation procedures and conditions affect significantly the catalyst particle size and distribution, bulk texture, surface property and catalyst activity. This paper also points that the current bi-functional noble metal/support WGSR catalysts for the FC cannot meet application requirements now even though they have more advantages than traditional WGSR catalysts used in ammonia plants.
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Progress in Studies of Lithium Salts for Li-Ion Battery in Nonaqueous Electrolytes

Xue Zhaoming^1,2**,Chen Chunhua¹

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 399-405.

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Xue Zhaoming^1,2**,Chen Chunhua¹. Progress in Studies of Lithium Salts for Li-Ion Battery in Nonaqueous Electrolytes[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 399-405.

Progress in studies of new electrolyte salts in recent years is reviewed. The methods of synthesis, components, structures, chemical and electrochemical properties, and the relationship between the properties and the structures of lithium electrolyte salts are introduced. These new electrolyte salts include lithium chelato-borates, lithium chelatc-phosphates, lithium fluoroalkylphosphates, lithium superacid salts, lithium methides, lithium perfluoroalky-lsulfonyl imides and lithium aluminates. Future prospect for studies of new lithium electrolyte salts is given.
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Study of Layered Lithium Intercalation Multi-Element Transition Metal Oxides

Huang Youyuan^1,2,Zhou Henghui^1*,Chen Jitao¹,Su Guangyao²,Gao Deshu²

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 406-411.

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Huang Youyuan^1,2,Zhou Henghui^1*,Chen Jitao¹,Su Guangyao²,Gao Deshu². Study of Layered Lithium Intercalation Multi-Element Transition Metal Oxides[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 406-411.

The progress of multi-element transition metal oxides as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries is reviewed. The synthesis methods and electrochemical reaction mechanism associated with three-element (Ni^ Co^ Mn) synergetic effect of LiNi,. I_3.Coa:Mn:),O2(0 < x<0.5,0<y<0.5) are discussed in detail, and other duality transition metal oxides including LiNi^,Mn, O2 and LiCo^M^_ xO2 are discussed. The application prospect as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries and further research orientation of these lithium intercalation multi-element transition metal oxides are pointed out.
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Progress in Photochemistry of Copper in Aquatic Systems

Xu Long,Yang Xi^**_,Zhang Aiqian,Yang Hongsheng

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 412-416.

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Xu Long,Yang Xi^**_,Zhang Aiqian,Yang Hongsheng. Progress in Photochemistry of Copper in Aquatic Systems[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 412-416.

Most of the cupric ions in aquatic systems are complexed with various ligands. These complexes are liable to photochemical reactions. Pholodegradation of the organic ligands as well as other organic pollutants is often involved in the redox cycles of copper under solar irradiation. Photochemical mechanisms of the copper complexes in aquatic systems are reviewed. The role of copper in heterogeneous and homogeneous photocatalytic systems and hence the implications of these processes in environmental remediation are also discussed.
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Progress in Cubic Phase of Lipid Liquid Crystal as Drug Delivery System

Wang Zhining,Zheng Liqiang^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 417-422.

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Wang Zhining,Zheng Liqiang^**. Progress in Cubic Phase of Lipid Liquid Crystal as Drug Delivery System[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 417-422.

The cubic liquid crystals of lipids used as drug delivery system are reviewed in this paper. The characterization of the lipid cubic phase and the influence of phase behavior on the drug delivery are also introduced in detail.
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Recent Advances in Hydrogen Generation with Chemical Methods

Wu Chuan,Zhang Huamin^*,Yi Baolian

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 423-429.

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Wu Chuan,Zhang Huamin^*,Yi Baolian. Recent Advances in Hydrogen Generation with Chemical Methods[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 423-429.

Recent advances in hydrogen generation with chemical methods are reviewed. As an attractive alternative energy source, hydrogen energy has been studied widely and intensively. Among the three hydrogen generation modes, (l) with chemical methods (2) from electrolysis of water (3) by biologic methods, the first is the major method for mass production of hydrogen, in which catalysis reforming holds a large proportion of the total output. Along with the developments of fuel cell techniques, novel hydrogen generation techniques, such as hydrogen generation with biomasses, metals, solar energy or metal hydrides, have attracted more and more attention. These hydrogen generation techniques have a promising future in the coming hydrogen age, accompanied with the R&D of fuel cells and hydrogen engines.
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Recent Developments of Low-Temperature Combustion Synthesis of Ultrafine Ceramic Powder

Su Xintai,Yan Qingzhi,Ge Changchun^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 430-436.

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Su Xintai,Yan Qingzhi,Ge Changchun^*. Recent Developments of Low-Temperature Combustion Synthesis of Ultrafine Ceramic Powder[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 430-436.

The research and development of the low-temperature combustion synthesis ( LCS) of the ultrafine multicomponent oxides are summarized. The systems of nitrate-fuel mixture and citrate sol-gel are mainly discussed. The principle and method of combustion synthesis, including reaction mechanism, process parameters and actual synthesis techniques are briefly reviewed. Their main applications and prospects are discussed.
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Progress in Catalytic Hydroxylation of Aromatics in Homogeneous/Liquid Systems

Gao Feixue,Hua Ruimao^*

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 437-450.

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Gao Feixue,Hua Ruimao^*. Progress in Catalytic Hydroxylation of Aromatics in Homogeneous/Liquid Systems[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 437-450.

One-step hydroxylation of aromatics is an intriguing topic in catalysis for its useful materials in industry and organic synthesis for more than a century. This review systematically outlines the progress of catalytic hydroxylation of aromatics in liquid/homogeneous phase systems with the emphasis on the active species and reaction mechanisms based on the different active center of atoms such as iron, vanadium, copper and palladium since 1990' s. Developing a two-phase mimicbiological catalytic system seems to be primary trend by synthesis a kind of complex containing N, 0 ligands for liquid aromatic hydroxylation to overcome the drawbacks of traditional catalytic systems. Several active species of hydroxo radical, high value metal oxo and peroxo and hydroxo as well as mechanism of radicals and complexes were suggested via using advanced analytic technologies. Though some of these mechanisms are still disputable, this review could offer a more thorough consideration of mechanisms of hydroxylation for understanding some reactions more profoundly.
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Cooperative Non-Covalent Interaction for Organic Molecular Recognition and Self-Assembly

Wang Xiaozhong,Chen Yingqi,Chen Xinzhi,Jiang Xikui,Li Zhanting^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 451-458.

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Wang Xiaozhong,Chen Yingqi,Chen Xinzhi,Jiang Xikui,Li Zhanting^**. Cooperative Non-Covalent Interaction for Organic Molecular Recognition and Self-Assembly[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 451-458.

The cooperative interaction of discrete non-covalent forces, including intermolecular hydrogen bonding, donor-acceptor interaction, k-k stacking, electrostatic interaction, solvophobic interaction, and coordination, for orgnanic molecular recognition and self-assembly has been reviewed.
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Progress in the Preparation of Functionalization of Carbosilane Dendrimers

Zhou Chuanjian^1,2**,Guan Ruifang³,Feng Shengyu²

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 459-467.

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Zhou Chuanjian^1,2**,Guan Ruifang³,Feng Shengyu². Progress in the Preparation of Functionalization of Carbosilane Dendrimers[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 459-467.

The functionalization methods of carbosilane dendrimers are introduced according to the classes and properties of the functional groups of dendrimers. The application of the functional carbosilane dendrimer is also given in brief.
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Synthesis and Applications of Peptide Dendrimer

He Jun,Ma Yuan^**,Zhao Yufen

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 468-476.

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He Jun,Ma Yuan^**,Zhao Yufen. Synthesis and Applications of Peptide Dendrimer[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 468-476.

Peptide dendrimer, as a member of dendrimeric materials, has a lot of unique physical and chemical characteristics compared to normal peptide chains. It has a great varieties of applications in biological areas. Synthetic approaches, as well as the applications in immunoreactions, biological mimetics, artificial enzyme, immuno diagnosis and gene delivery systems are discussed in this review.
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Research Progress on Tungstoenzymes

Song Fugen,Lu Xiaoming^*,Lou Fuyan,Li Li

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 477-481.

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Song Fugen,Lu Xiaoming^*,Lou Fuyan,Li Li. Research Progress on Tungstoenzymes[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 477-481.

Tungstoenzymes exhibiting special biological and chemical activities are found recently. The classification, the structures of active sides and spectroscopic properties of tungstoenzymes ave introduced. The current research progress on tungstoenzymes is also reviewed.
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Microfluidic Network for Research and Application in Life Sciences

Wang Likai,Feng Xizeng^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 482-498.

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Wang Likai,Feng Xizeng^**. Microfluidic Network for Research and Application in Life Sciences[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 482-498.

Microfluidic chip technology originated from analytical chemisLry, adopts microfabrication technologies to make microchannels on a chip about several square centimeters. The technology can integrate the sample's injection, separation and detection into a single chip. The advantage of microfluidics is rapid, high efficiency and low consumption. With the progress of microelectronics and other microfabrication techniques, the technology of microfluidic chip developed rapidly recent years, and began to play more and more important roles in chemistry, biology and medical instruments. This article introduced the materials and techniques of manufacturing a microfluidic chip first, and then mainly expounded its applications in protein separation and analysis, immunoassay, DNA analysis and detection, and cell culture and detection.
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Two-Dimensional(2D) Correlation Spectroscopy

Shen Yi,Peng Yun,Wu Peiyi^**,Yang Yuliang

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 499-513.

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Shen Yi,Peng Yun,Wu Peiyi^**,Yang Yuliang. Two-Dimensional(2D) Correlation Spectroscopy[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 499-513.

Two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy, a novel technique developed in recent years, is introduced systematically from the history, correlation function, properties and the rules. Several examples such as 2D FTIR, 2D Raman, 2D Fluorescence and 2D NIR-IR heterospectral analyses have demonstrated the advantages and the widely application of 2D correlation spectroscopy. Furthermore, knowledge about 2D sample-sample correlation speclroscopy and its comparison with the 2D wavenumber-wavenumber correlation analysis are presented. The theory of hybrid 2D correlation analysis extended from the generally 2D correlation spectroscopy is also simply reported.
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Progress in Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Xu Feng,Wang Hailong,Guan Yafeng^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 514-522.

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Xu Feng,Wang Hailong,Guan Yafeng^**. Progress in Ion Mobility Spectrometry[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 514-522.

This review summarizes the fundamental principle of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) . New progress is presented and commented in detail. Furthermore, the developmental trend of IMS is also discussed.
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Application of Calixarenes for High Performance Liquid　Chromatography, Capillary Electrophoresis and Electrochromatography

Li Laisheng^1,2,Da Shilu^1**,Feng Yuqi¹,Liu Min¹

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 523-530.

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Li Laisheng^1,2,Da Shilu^1**,Feng Yuqi¹,Liu Min¹. Application of Calixarenes for High Performance Liquid　Chromatography, Capillary Electrophoresis and Electrochromatography[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 523-530.

The enhancement of ehromatographic separate selectivity based on the molecular recognition of calixarenes is successful application of supramolecular chemistry in separation sciences. The new progress in the application of calixarenes for high performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC) , capillary electrophoresis ( CE) and capillary electrochromatography ( CEC) is reviewed, emphasizing on the preparation, separation mechanism and application of the novel materials containing ealixarenes.
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Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: A New Kind of Sorbent with High Selectivity in Solid Phase Extraction

Hu Shuguo,Li Li,He Xiwen^**

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 531-543.

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Hu Shuguo,Li Li,He Xiwen^**. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: A New Kind of Sorbent with High Selectivity in Solid Phase Extraction[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 531-543.

Solid phase extraction is an effective method to enrich and separate samples. Molecularly imprinted polymers with high selectivity are applied in the areas of environment, drugs, organisms, food, etc. The principles of solid phase extraction and molecularly imprinted polymers and the operation procedure of solid phase extraction using molecularly imprinted polymers as the sorbents are introduced. The correlative papers published in recent ten years are summarized and possible developmental trend is reviewed.
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Analysis of Different Types of Model for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stacks

Cai Yinghua,Hu Jun,Yi Baolian^**,Zhang Huamin

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 544-548.

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Cai Yinghua,Hu Jun,Yi Baolian^**,Zhang Huamin. Analysis of Different Types of Model for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stacks[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 544-548.

Different types of mathematical model for proton exchange membrane fuel cells and fuel cell stacks have been analysed. Developing models can help us to understand the transfer and reaction phenomena occurring in fuel cells and fuel cell stacks, predict fuel cells performance and optimize operating and structure parameters of fuel cell system. The model types are as follows: (l) Computational fluid dynamics models for single fuel cell; (2) Models described the relationship between voltages and current densities for both single cell and stacks; (3) Models described gas distribution in fuel cell stacks; (4) Models described fuel cell systems; and (5) Transient models.
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Research Status of Degradation and Application of Cavitation in Organic Wastewater Treatment

Wang Jingang^1,2,Guo Peiquan²,Wang Xikui^2**,Gu Zhongmao¹

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 549-553.

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Wang Jingang^1,2,Guo Peiquan²,Wang Xikui^2**,Gu Zhongmao¹. Research Status of Degradation and Application of Cavitation in Organic Wastewater Treatment[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 549-553.

Degradation mechanism and application of cavitation in organic wastewater treatment are reviewed. Degradation mechanism of ultrasonic, the factors of influence and the combination of ultrasonic with other techniques are reviewed. The principle and the application of jet cavitation and swirling jet cavitation in organic compound treatment are also introduced. The prospect of cavitation applying in wastewater treatment is presented.
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Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Its Related Environmental Problems

Liu Hanxia,Zhang Qianghua,Jiang Guibin^*,Cai Zongwei

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 554-562.

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Liu Hanxia,Zhang Qianghua,Jiang Guibin^*,Cai Zongwei. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Its Related Environmental Problems[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 554-562.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ( PBDEs) are considered as global environmental contaminants. Investigations on PBDEs have rapidly increased due to the detection of significant PBDEs levels in human or biota. However, few studies of the PBDEs pollution status has been reported in China. In this paper the properties, application, pollution source, environmental behavior, contamination levels, trends, regulations and analytical method of PBDEs are reviewed. The currently existing problems are also discussed. We hope that this review will provide valuable reference for the researches on PBDEs in China.
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The Growth of Biomineral Crystals Modulated by Self-Assembled Monolayers

Ou Yangjianming^**,Chen Dezhi

Progress in Chemistry. 2005, 17(03): 563-572.

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Ou Yangjianming^**,Chen Dezhi. The Growth of Biomineral Crystals Modulated by Self-Assembled Monolayers[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2005, 17(03): 563-572.

The progress in the biomineral crystals growth modulated by self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in recent years is reviewed. The characteristics of nucleation, growth and morphology of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and other biomineral crystals induced by SAMs are discussed. The essence of growth of biomineral crystals modulated by SAMs is discussed from electrostatic interaction, lattice matching and hydrogen bond interaction. The structure and classification of SAMs are also discussed.

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