| Electrode name | Electrolytic cell type | Electrolyte | CO2 flow velocity | Reference electrode | iR compensation | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cu hetero-interface electrode | H-type cell | 0.1 M KHCO3（CO2 saturated，30 mL） | 20 mL/min（750 r/min） | Ag/AgCl（Converted to RHE） | 85% | 26 |
| CuOx soft-landed catalyst electrode | H-type cell and gas diffusion electrode | 0.1 M or 1 M KHCO3（CO2 saturated，circulation volume 4~5 mL） | H-cell：persistent bubbling；Flow cell：5~7.5 sccm | Ag/AgCl（Leakage type, converted to RHE） | -（Not explicitly stated in the text） | 24 |
| Cu-polymer composite electrode | Flow cell | 1 M KOH（0.7 mL/min） | 12 sccm | Ag/AgCl（3 M KCl，converted to RHE） | - | 46 |
| Nanoporous Cu cathode (CO2-triggered break-in) | Zero-Gap MEA Electrolyze + Three-Electrode Half-Cell Testing | half-cell：0.1 M KOH / 0.5 M KHCO3；MEA：Anode 0.05 M KOH | MEA: cathode 50 sccm wet CO2, anode 15 sccm KHCO3 | Half-cell：Hg/HgO；MEA：Full Battery Test | - | 47 |
| Highly porous Cu catalyst | Microfluidic flow Electrolyze | 1 M KOH、1 M KHCO3、1 M KCl、1 M K2SO4 | - | RHE | - | 48 |
| Porous Zn catalyst electrode | H-type cell and gas diffusion electrode | H-cell: 0.1 M KHCO3；Flow-cell: 1.0 M KHCO3 or 1.0 M KOH | H-cell: 21 mL/min；Flow-cell: 40 mL/min | Ag/AgCl（3 M NaCl，converted to RHE） | 85% | 4 |
| AgSn-SnO2 nanosheet electrode | H-type cell and gas diffusion electrode | H-cell: 0.5 M KHCO3；Flow-cell: 1.0 M KOH；Solid electrolyte: Anode 0.1 M H2SO4，Cathode CO2 gas | H-cell: 20 sccm；Flow cell: 20 sccm；Solid: 30 sccm | H-cell/Flow cell: Ag/AgCl；Solid: two-electrode system | - | 18 |
| M-Pc/Buckypaper composite electrode | H-type cell | 0.5 M KHCO3（CO2/Ar saturated） | 15 mL/min（20 min） | Ag/AgCl（saturated KCl，Luggin capillaries） | 85% （positive feedback） | 60 |
| Biomass-derived carbon aerogel electrode | H-type cell | 0.1 M KHCO3（CO2 saturated，pH≈6.8） | 10 mL/min（30 min） | Ag/AgCl（saturated KCl，Luggin capillaries） | 85% （positive feedback） | 23 |
| 3D printed metal-free carbon electrode | H-type cell | 0.1 M KHCO3（CO2 saturated） | Persistent bubbling | SCE（saturated calomel electrode） | - | 21 |
| 3D printed fluoropolymer GDL electrode | Flow cell | 1 M KHCO3 | 50 sccm | Ag/AgCl（converted to RHE） | - | 13 |
| Imidazolium-functionalized GC electrode | Liquid-phase three-electrode cell + flow-through electrolytic cell (GDE) | Liquid phase：0.5 M [EMIM][BF4]/[PF₆]；Flow: Acidic aqueous solution | - | Ag/AgCl（Complemented by Fc⁺/Fc internal markers） | - | 12 |
| Bi@C/Si nanowire photocathode | H-type photoelectrochemical cell (quartz cell, separated by Nafion 117 membrane) | 0.1 M KHCO3（CO2 saturated） | 99.99% CO2， 30 min | Ag/AgCl | - | 9 |
| CNT/Graphene-PPS flexible film electrode | Three-electrode system | 0.5 M Na2SO4（pH≈6）0.5 M PBS（pH 7, 8） | - | SCE（converted to RHE） | - | 20 |
| 3D Graphene-CNT hybrid with Co-MnO NPs | Three-electrode system | 0.1 M KOH 0.1 M H2SO4 | - | RHE | - | 22 |
| Ni-Co sulfide/graphene-CNT composite electrode | Three-electrode system | 6 M KOH | - | Hg/HgO | - | 65 |
