Fig. 7 Surface and interface engineering: (A) Schematic representation of CO2 conversion to formate mediated on a GC electrode in a liquid-phase electrolyzer and CO2RR mediated on a GDE modified by [EMIM]+ layer in a gas-phase electrolyzer. (B) Conformational and chemical characterization of pristine GC cathode and modified GC cathode obtained by immobilization of imidazolium cation by SEM and WCA. (C) On IM+EE/GDE cathode with 9 successive electrolysis at different current densities, respectively. (D) Variation of the average full-cell energy efficiency and EC of formate generation with applied current density on bare carbon GDE and IM+EE/GDE, respectively[12]. (E) Schematic diagram of the preparation process and the reaction mechanism of Si-Bi@C photocathode. SEM images of (F) SiNWs, (G) BiMOF and (H) Si-Bi@C800. (I) FE of Si-Bi@C1000 photocathode at different potentials (left). Chemical generation rate versus potential for Si, Si-Bi@C600, Si-Bi@C800 and Si-Bi@C1000 photocathodes (middle). Comparison of the catalytic performance of the Si-Bi@C800 photocathode with that of the reported photocathodes for the formation of formate from CO2 (right)[9].
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