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化学进展 2019, Vol. 31 Issue (6): 831-846 DOI: 10.7536/PC181018 前一篇   后一篇

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石墨相氮化碳材料在水环境污染物去除中的研究

刘玥1, 吴忆涵1, 庞宏伟1, 王祥学1,2,**(), 于淑君1, 王祥科1   

  1. 1.华北电力大学 环境科学与工程学院 资源环境系统优化教育部重点实验室 北京 102206
    2.华北电力大学(保定) 环境科学与工程系 保定 071003
  • 收稿日期:2018-10-16 出版日期:2019-06-15 发布日期:2019-04-26
  • 通讯作者: 王祥学
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(21876048); 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2018MS114)
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Study on the Removal of Water Pollutants by Graphite Phase Carbon Nitride Materials

Yue Liu1, Yihan Wu1, Hongwei Pang1, Xiangxue Wang1,2,**(), Shujun Yu1, Xiangke Wang1   

  1. 1.MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
    2.Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University(Baoding), Baoding 071003, China;
  • Received:2018-10-16 Online:2019-06-15 Published:2019-04-26
  • Contact: Xiangxue Wang
  • About author:
    ** E-mail:
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21876048); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2018MS114)

水污染是世界性问题,严重影响了人类的身体健康和环境的可持续性。迫切需要一种高效环保的吸附剂材料用于水体污染治理。石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)材料具有与石墨类似的层状结构,具有许多优异性质,如大的表面积、高的热稳定性和化学惰性,成为新兴的吸附剂材料。本文主要介绍了g-C3N4基材料在重金属、放射性核素以及有机污染物去除方面的应用。通过批实验、光谱分析、表面配位模型和理论计算等技术系统分析了g-C3N4基材料与污染物之间的作用机理。g-C3N4基材料与污染物之间的相互作用主要归因于表面配位、π-π作用、离子交换作用和静电作用。本文有助于读者进一步了解g-C3N4基材料与污染物之间的作用机理,并且发掘更多的g-C3N4改性材料,将其应用于环境修复领域当中。

关键词： 氮化碳, 重金属, 放射性核素, 有机污染物, 反应机理

Water pollution is a worldwide issue, which seriously affects human health and environmental sustainability. Highly efficient and environmentally friendly adsorbent materials are urgently needed for water pollution treatments. The layered structure of graphite phase carbon nitride(g-C3N4) is similar to graphite, so it has many excellent properties, such as large surface area, high thermal stability and chemical inertness, which make it an emerging adsorbent material. This paper mainly introduces the application of g-C3N4-based materials in the elimination of heavy metal ions, radionuclides and organic pollutants. The interaction mechanisms between g-C3N4-based materials and contaminants are analyzed by batch experiments, spectral analysis, surface coordination model and theoretical calculation. The interaction mechanisms are mainly surface complexation, π-π stacking, ion exchange and electrostatic interaction. This paper will help readers further understand the interaction mechanisms between g-C3N4-based materials and contaminants, and explore more g-C3N4 modified materials for environmental remediation.

Key words: carbon nitride(C3N4), heavy metal, radionuclide, organic pollutants, interaction mechanisms
()
图1 (a)g-C3N4实物图、晶体结构图(白球表示碳原子、蓝球表示氮原子)[60]以及其他四种氮化碳晶体结构图(灰球表示碳原子、蓝球表示氮原子)[61];(b)g-C3N4的s-三嗪和三-s-三嗪结构图(灰球表示碳原子、蓝球表示氮原子)[62]
Fig. 1 (a) Physical map, crystal structure diagram of g-C3N4(white balls denote carbon atoms, blue balls denote nitrogen atoms)[60] and crystal structure diagrams of another four types of carbon nitride(grey balls denote carbon atoms, blue balls denote nitrogen atoms)[61];(b) s-triazine model and tris-s-triazine model of g-C3N4(gray balls denote carbon atoms and blue balls denote nitrogen atoms)[62]
图2 采用不同前体(三聚氰胺、氰胺、二氰胺、尿素和硫脲)合成g-C3N4示意图(黑、蓝、白、红和黄色球分别表示碳、氮、氢、氧和硫原子)[50]
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the synthesis process of g-C3N4 with different precursors(melamine, cyanamide, dicyanamide, urea and thiourea)(black, blue, white, red and yellow balls denote C, N, H, O and S atoms, respectively)[50]
表1 g-C3N4基材料合成工艺与结构性质表
Table 1 Summary table of synthesis process and structure of g-C3N4-based materials
g-C3N4-based material Precursors Temperature(℃) Time(h)
and Gas		 BET
(m2·g-1)		 Total porevolume
(cm3·g-1)		 Average pore radius
(nm)		 ref
2D-meso-CN Cyanamide 550 3(air) 361 0.50 2.8 72
3D-meso-CN 343 0.67 2.5&8.0
mpg-CN0.1 Ammonium thiocyanate 600 2(N2) 125 0.45 - 96
mpg-CN0.2 154 0.63 -
mpg-CN0.4 176 0.77 -
DCN Dicyandiamide 550 3(air) 12 0.09 24.4 97
TCN Thiourea 550 11 0.09 26.2
UCN Urea 550 70 0.32 18.2
g-C3N4-D Dicyandiamide 550 2(air) 30 0.19 - 98
g-C3N4-T Thiourea 550 2(air) 27 0.04 -
CN-30 Urea 550 1(air) 52 0.25 - 99
CN-60 1(air) 62 0.30 -
CN-120 2(air) 75 0.34 -
CN-240 4(air) 288 1.41 -
CNNS Urea 550&500 4&2(air) 113 0.53 2.7 100
Co3O4/CNNS-1100 CNNS&CoCl2·6H2O 300 2(air) 100 0.48 2.5
Cu-FeOOH/CNNS CNNS&FeCl3·6H2O&CuCl2 25 8(air) 81 1.3 101
a-AgSiO/CNNS-500 CNNS&AgNO3&Na2SiO3 25 3(air) 185 5.2 102
MCN-1-673 Carbon tetrachloride
& Ethylenediamine		 400 5(N2) 447 0.51 3.8 103
MCN-1-773 500 487 0.55 3.9
MCN-1-873 600 528 0.65 3.9
g-C3N4 Melamine 550 4(air) 13 0.05 26.7 104
ag-C3N4 HCl treated melamine 26 0.12 30.3
GS-CN450 Guanidine thiocyanate 450 2(N2) 5 0.03 3.6 105
GS-CN500 500 6 0.04 3.6
GS-CN550 550 8 0.05 3.6
GS-CN600 600 16 0.11 3.6
GS-CN650 650 31 0.18 2.6&3.6
GS-CN700 700 42 0.27 2.7&3.6
g-C3N4(500) Guanidine hydrochloride 500 3(air) 8 0.04 - 106
g-C3N4(550) 550 16 0.09 3.7
g-C3N4(600) 600 53 0.38 3.8
g-C3N4(650) 650 65 0.52 4.0
g-C3N4(melamine 520) Melamine 500&520 2&2(air) 3 0.002 -
g-C3N4(melamine 650) 650 3(air) 19 0.15 2.1
g-C3N4-H2-450 Melamine 550&450 4(He)&3(H2) 11 0.06 - 107
g-C3N4-H2-500 550&500 16 0.08 -
g-C3N4-H2-550 550&550 28 0.16 -
g-C3N4-O2-450 550&450 4(He)&3(O2) 15 0.07 -
g-C3N4-O2-500 550&500 18 0.08 -
g-C3N4-O2-550 550&550 23 0.11 -
g-C3N4-470 Melamine 470 2(air) 6 0.02 35.2 108
g-C3N4-500 500 42 0.14 9.2
g-C3N4-520 520 174 0.77 15.6
g-C3N4-540 540 210 0.94 16.5
0.5 wt% Sucrose-mediated g-C3N4 Melamine & Sucrose 600 2(air) 77 0.27 17.7 109
1 wt% Sucrose-mediated g-C3N4 121 0.36 13.2
2.5 wt% Sucrose-mediated g-C3N4 128 0.43 17.5
CN-1 Add water urea 450 1(air) 38 0.21 - 110
CN-3 3(air) 96 0.72 -
CN-5 5(air) 106 0.68 -
CNa Ammonium thiocyanate 550 2(NH3) 46 0.25 - 111
MCN Carbon tetrachloride
&Ethylenediamine		 600 5(N2) 278 0.38 6.2 112
MCN/C 2(N2) 338 0.33 6.2
图3 (a)初湿含浸法合成2D/3D-meso-CN示意图[72];(b)g-C3N4/β-CD合成过程示意图[87]
Fig. 3 (a) Schematic diagram of the synthesis process of 2D/3D-meso-CN by incipient wetness[72];(b) Schematic diagram of the synthesis process of g-C3N4/β-CD[87]
图4 g-C3N4纳米管的(a)XRD、(b)FT-IR、(c)C1s和(d)N1s的XPS光谱图;(e)g-C3N4片层和(f)g-C3N4纳米管的原子结构模型图[90]
Fig. 4 (a) XRD,(b) FT-IR,(c) C1s and(d) N1s of XPS spectra of g-C3N4 nanotubes; Atomic models of(e) g-C3N4 layer and(f) g-C3N4 nanotube[90]
表2 g-C3N4基材料吸附性能表
Table 2 Summary table of adsorption performance of g-C3N4 based materials
Adsorbent Adsorbate m/V
(g·L-1)		 C0(mg·
L-1)		 pH Time(h) SSA
(m2·
g-1)		 qmax
(mg·
g-1)		 Interaction mechanism ref
g-C3N4 Pb(Ⅱ) 0.3 200 3.5 1~2 11 281.8 Internal surface complexation 135
Cu(Ⅱ) - 132.8
Cd(Ⅱ) - 112.4
Ni(Ⅱ) 37.6
g-C3N4 nanosheets Pb(Ⅱ) 0.5 6.3 6 418 518.1 Internal surface complexation 136
Cd(Ⅱ) 125.1
g-C3N4 nanosheets P(Ⅴ) 0.5 3.5 24 418 76.6 Internal surface complexation 137
Cr(Ⅵ) 95.7
Re(Ⅶ) 136.1
S3.9%-g-C3N4 Pb(Ⅱ) 0.2 10 4.5 2 16 52.6 138
Fe3O4&g-C3N4 Zn(Ⅱ) 1.0 200 6.0 1 42.0 External surface complexation, Lewis acid-base interaction 139
Pb(Ⅱ) 137.0
Internal surface complexation, Lewis acid-base interaction
Cd(Ⅱ) 102.0
g-C3N4 Pb(Ⅱ) 0.2 10 5.0 7 151 65.6 Surface complexation,
Ion exchange		 44
aniline 30 4.0 - 71.9 Electrostatic interaction,
π-π interaction
BC@C3N4 MB 0.5 5 8 18.6 Electrostatic interaction 140
g-C3N4/β-CD Methyl orange 0.3 20 3.5 20 - 67.9 Hydrogen bond,
π-π interaction		 86
Pb(Ⅱ) 0.3 10 5.5 12 - 100.5 Surface complexation,
Electrostatic interaction
l-C3N4/PDA/PEI3 U(Ⅵ) 0.5 40 5.0 15 - 60.5 Surface complexation,
Electrostatic interaction, Coprecipitation		 141
g-C3N4@Ni-Mg-
Al-LDH		 U(Ⅵ) 0.5 30 5.0 4 - 99.7 External surface
complexation,Ion exchange		 142
g-C3N4-550 U(Ⅵ) 0.2 5 5.0 2 65 149.7 Internal surface complexation 147
g-C3N4 nanosheets Eu(Ⅲ) 0.1 20 8.0 7 418 155.0 Internal surface complexation 144
La(Ⅲ) 122.3
Nd(Ⅲ) 132.5
Th(Ⅳ) 185.6
MCN-1-673 PFOS 0.6 280 3.5 - 447 625.0 Electrostatic action,
Hydrophobic action		 103
MCN-1-773 487 555.5
MCN-1-873 528 433.7
MCN NPYR 20.0 6000 - - 287 218.4 Electrostatic action 134
MCN-41 - - 1012 84.7
图5 (a)重金属离子在g-C3N4上[125]和(b)U(Ⅵ)在g-C3N4/β-CD上的吸附示意图[126]
Fig. 5 (a) Schematic diagram of heavy metal ions sorption on g-C3N4[125] and (b) U(Ⅵ) sorption on g-C3N4/β-CD[126]
图6 (a)pH、(b)离子强度、(c)共存离子和(d)时间对U(Ⅵ)在g-C3N4-T上吸附效果的影响[147]
Fig. 6 Effect of (a) pH,(b) ionic strength,(c) coexisted ions and(d) time on U(Ⅵ) sorption on g-C3N4-T[147]
图7 不同温度下(a)Pb(Ⅱ)和(b)苯胺在g-C3N4上的吸附等温线;Pb(Ⅱ)和苯胺吸附的(c)lnKd与Ce的线性关系图和(d)lnK0与1/T的线性关系图(其中m/V=0.2 g·L-1,pHPb(Ⅱ)=5.0±0.1,pHaniline=4.0±0.1,I=0.01 M NaClO4)[44]
Fig. 7 Sorption isotherms of(a) Pb(Ⅱ) and(b) aniline on g-C3N4 at different temperatures; Linear plots of(c) lnKd versus Ce and(d) lnK0 versus 1/T for the sorption of Pb(Ⅱ) and aniline(m/V=0.2 g·L-1, pHPb(Ⅱ)=5.0±0.1, pHaniline=4.0±0.1, I=0.01 M NaClO4)[44]
图8 (a)不同吸附时间下(30 min、24 h)Ag在3D-g-CN上的XPS图谱[157];在pH=5.0±0.1下制备的标准样品(UO22+和UO2CO3)和吸附样品(U(Ⅵ))的(b)L3吸收边的EXAFS光谱和(c)傅里叶变换[160]
Fig. 8 (a) XPS analysis of Ag on 3D-g-CN depending on sorption time(30 min, 24 h)[157];(b) The uranium L3-edge EXAFS spectra and(c) Fourier transform for standards(UO22+ and UO2CO3) and adsorption sample(U(Ⅵ)) prepared at pH=5.0±0.1[160]
图9 (a)(g-C3N4)-Pb(Ⅱ)和(b~g)(S-g-C3N4)-Pb(Ⅱ)络合物的优化结构和相应键长示意图[188]
Fig. 9 Schematic diagrams of optimized structure and bond length of(a)(g-C3N4)-Pb(Ⅱ) and(b~g)(S-g-C3N4)-Pb(Ⅱ) complexes[188]
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