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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (10): 1766-1779 DOI: 10.7536/PC200853 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Advances of In Vitro Inhalation Bioaccessibility for the Contaminants in Atmospheric Particulate Matters

Laijin Zhong, Zhijie Tang, Xin Hu(), Hongzhen Lian()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Centre of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Xin Hu, Hongzhen Lian
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(91543129); National Natural Science Foundation of China(91643105); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21874065); Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20181261); Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20171335)
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Exposure to toxic elements or organic contaminants associated with atmospheric particulate matters(APM) via inhalation may result in potential health risks to human. Up to day, various inhalation bioaccessibility procedures(IBAcP) have been advocated to investigate the bioaccessible concentrations of these contaminants in APM for the easy and fast risk-based assessment. In this review, the inhalation bioaccessibility of the toxic elements and organic contaminants in APM and the current IBAcP for the hazards assessment are reviewed and evaluated. In addition, the defects and challenges existed in current IBAcP are disclosed and the possible solutions are proposed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Main procedures for inhalation bioaccessibility

3 Inhalation bioaccessibility of inorganic and organic contaminants

3.1 Inhalation bioaccessibility of inorganic toxic elements

3.2 Inhalation bioaccessibility of organic contaminants

4 Validation of inhalation bioaccessibility procedures via in-vivo correlation

5 Challenge and prospective

Key words: inhalation bioaccessibility, inhalation bioavailability, atmospheric particulate matters, toxic elements, organic contaminants
Fig. 1 Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of contaminants of APM in alveoli
Table 1 Components of IBAcP(g·L-1)
GS [48] SLF [57] SELF [39] HS [59] W-GS [56] J-GS [6] X-GS [60] ALF [7]
Organic compounds
Sodium citrate 0.052 0.16
Sodium citrate dihydrate 0.097 0.097 0.077
DTPA 0.079
Citrate 0.07
Sodium acetate trihydrate 0.9526 0.9526
D-glucose 1
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate 0.21
Calcium acetate 0.4
Ascorbic acid 0.018 0.05
Uric Acid 0.016 0.025
Glutathione 0.03 0.05
Sodium tartrate dihydrate 0.09
Sodium lactate 0.085
Sodium pyruvate 0.086
Lysozyme 2.5
Tocopherol 0.001
Albumin 0.2 0.26 10
Transferrin 0.2
L- cysteine 0.122 0.121
Glycine 0.376 0.375 0.19 0.059
Mucin 0.5
DPPH 0.1 10 0.2 0.1
Benzalkonium chloride 0.05 0.05
Inorganic salts
NaCl 6.019 6.43 6.02 7 6.79 6.4 6.019 3.21
NaOH 6
KCl 0.298 0.298 0.37 0.298
MgCl2 0.2 0.05
MgCl2·6H2O 0.203 0.2 0.21 0.203
CaCl2 0.193 0.225 0.022
CaCl2·2H2O 0.4 0.37 0.255 0.4 0.128
Na2SO4 0.071 0.072 0.071 0.039
K2SO4 0.17
MgSO4 0.0342
H2SO4 0.045
NaH2PO4 0.144
Na2HPO4 0.142 0.15 0.1196 0.15 0.142 0.071
NaHCO3 2.604 2.6 2.7 2.27 2.27 2.7 2.604
KH2PO4 0.27 0.03
NH4Cl 0.535 0.118
Fig. 2 Basic operational procedure for IBAcP
Table 2 Inhalation bioaccessibility of toxic elements in APM with various IBAcP
APM IBAcP Bioaccessibility ref
Sites/Sources Size (μm) Toxic elements Concentration in total Simulated biofluids Solid to liquid ratio (g·mL-1) Time Simulated movements (%)
NIST-SRM∶ NIES 8

(Vehicle-exhaust,
Japan)		 nd Pb 219±9 mg·kg-1 J-GS 1∶20 000 24 h 40 cycle min-1 45.2±3.5 6
Zn 1040±50 mg·kg-1 1∶20 000 92.5±2.5
1∶30 78.9±2.6
Cd 1.1±0.1 mg·kg-1 1∶20 000 74.3±4.6
NIST-SRM∶ BCR 038
(fly ash,Britain)		 nd Pb 262±11 mg·kg-1 1∶20 000 3.3±0.2
Zn 581±29 mg·kg-1 1∶20 000 21.2±3.3
Cd 5.0±0.3 mg·kg-1 1∶20 000 11.2±0.6
Outdoor/indoor, 2015
winter and 2016
spring, Nanjing,
Jiangsu(W/I, W/O,
S/I, S/O)		 <3.3 Mn nd SLF nd 24 h Shaken, 200 rpm W/I: 5.7±1.2, W/O: 22.6±6.5, S/I: 19.0±5.1, S/O: 11.4±1.4 41
Pb W/I: 0.9±0.2, W/O: 0.8±0.3, S/I: 4.3±1.2, S/O: 2.1±1.0
Zn W/I: 1.4±0.5, W/O: 1.5±0.7, S/I: 4.5±0.6, S/O: 2.2±1.6
2015, Nanjing,
Jiangsu		 TSP Pb 132±95 ng·m-3 ALF nd 24 h Shaken, 200 rpm 17.8±5.2 42
PM2.5 Pb 69.4±30.9 ng·m-3 SLF/ALF 48 h 45.1±15.8
PM2.5(quartz) Cu 72.5±40.1 ng·m-3 SLF/ALF 72 h 25.8±5.0/40.6±9.1
PM2.5 (PTFE) Co 0.50±0.28 ng·m-3 SLF/ALF 48 h 19.9±7.2/33.2±4.4
TSP(PTFE) Cu 150±12 ng·m-3 SLF/ALF 72 h 14.9±6.0/14.9±4.2
Co 9.82±1.94 ng·m-3 SLF 1.64±0.71/1.86±0.26
Ni 15.6±8.8 ng·m-3 11.3±5.0
Sr 43.0±20.3 ng·m-3 19.0±8.2
27.3±5.8
40.0±6.2
Frankford, German PM10 As 1.7(0.8~4.4) ng·m-3 ALF/GS 1∶1162 24 h Shaken, few times per day 89(85~93)/57(27~73) 51
PM2.5 As 1.0(0.4~1.8) ng·m-3 ALF/GS 81(75~85)/57(27~73)
PM1 As 0.6(0.3~1.5) ng·m-3 ALF/GS 82(77~86)/80(69~95)
The-Youth-Olympic (2014), Nanjing, Jiangsu PM2.5 Pb 530~1332 mg·kg-1 ALF/J-GS 1∶2400-1∶14000 24 h 10 min/4 h,
50 rpm		 59~79/55~87
11~29/5.3~21		 61
Before/after The-Youth-Olympic PM2.5 Pb 410~1046 mg·kg-1 ALF/J-GS
Port Piri(PP)
York-Peninsula (SH15)
Victoria (CMW), Australian		 PM10 Pb As PP: 6968±498, SH15: 1267±21, CMW: 1302±85 mg·kg-1 GS 1∶5000 120 h Magnetic stirring (1.5) PP: 1.69±0.22, SH15: 0.88±0.07, CMW: 1.18±0.19 62
PP: 36.4±2.3, SH15: 2042±24, CMW: 18,494±834 mg·kg-1 up and down (45 rpm) PP: 1.75±0.05, SH15: 0.67±0.02, CMW: 0.39±0.08
Magnetic stirring (1.5) PP: 70.9±8.9, SH15: 27.6±1.1, CMW: 18.6±0.3
Up and down (45 rpm) PP: 25±1.4, SH15: 20.3±0.4, CMW: 9.28±0.24
江苏南京 PM2.5 Pb 3518±58 mg·kg-1 W-GS 1∶100 48 h Shaken, 200 rpm 19.1±0.3 63
SLF 1∶1000 76.1±0.9
SELF 1∶100 (8.30±0.80)×10-2
ALF (3.04±0.50)×10-2
(13.2±1.0)×10-2
Table 3 Summaries of recent researches on the inhalation bioaccessibility of organic contaminants in APM
APM IBAcP Bioaccessibility Ref
Size (μm) Compounds Concentration in total Simulated biofluids Solid to liquid
ratio(g·
mL-1)		 Time Simulated movements (%)
Capital (P)/ Energy (E)/ Forest (F)/ Agriculture (A)/ city of north of China PM2.5 12 PAH ΣPAH12: 136±88.6(P), 91.3±43.2(E), 28.2±6.89(F), 38.2±10.7(A) ng·m-3 ALF/GS nd nd nd ΣPAH12-GS: 6.19±4.55(P), 7.62±3.6(E), 29.4±13.5(F), 16.7±5.9(A);
ΣPAH12-ALF: 4.04±2.99(P), 5.42±2.64(E), 20.6±7.7(F), 12.0±5.5(A)		 67
Nonheating/heating season,
2016, Ha'erbin,
Heilongjiang		 PM2.5 9 PAH ΣPAH9: 289±164(H), 33.5±12.6(N);
ΣPAH9-BaPe q a ): 256±105(H), 41.7±10.4(N) ng·m-3		 ALF/GS 1/4 quartz film: 25 mL 24 h Shaken ΣPAH9-BaPeq-GS: 6.8±2.7(H), 9.2±6(N);
ΣPAH9-BaPeq-ALF: 2.3±1.6(H), 5.5±1.9(N)		 68
Biochar with PAH nd Phe, Pyr 10 μg·g-1 ALF/GS nd nd nd Phe-ALF: 0.35~1.31, Pyr-ALF: 0.34~1.09, Phe-GS: 0.47~1.49, Pyr-GS: 0.43~1.12 69
50 μg·g-1
100 μg·g-1 Phe-GS: 1.44~2.67, Pyr-GS: 0.55~1.10
Phe-GS: 1.10~1.72, Pyr-GS: 0.70~1.22
Nanjing, Jiangsu (2015.10.16-2016.04.07) PM2.5 19PAH ΣPAH19: 38.0(4.03~102) ng·m-3 SELF 1∶600~1∶4000 24 h 100 rpm 3.21(BcF)~44.2(Acl) 70
China PM2.5 12 OPFR,
16 PAH		 OPFRs: 86.9(50.4~158), PAHs: 132(17.5~456) μg·g-1 ALF/J-GS 1∶1000 1~15 d 10 min·d-1,
50 r·min-1		 1-day: PAHs: 2.5(0.03~24);
15-day: OPFRs: 1.2(EHDPP)~97(TPhP), PAHs: 6.5(0.7~24.5)		 71
E-waste incinerates,
Foshan, Guangzhou		 0.056~0.18 2PAH nd 200 ml ALF/X-GS+1 g Tenax (Bar) 1∶10 000 0.5~14 d 150 rpm ALF: 2.8(BghiP)~93(Flu);
X-GS: 3.1(DahA)~54.7(Flu)		 60
1.8~5.6
ALF: 17.2(BghiP)~92.4(Flu);
X-GS: 20.9(DahA)~77.5(Flu)
Indoor dust, Norway <63 9PE 0.41(DMP)~401.9(DiNP) μg·g-1 ALF/GS 1∶100 96 h 60 rpm ALF: 2.0(DEHP)~89.5(DMP);
GS: 3.1(DEHP)~89.9(DMP)		 55
Air-liquid-particle phase partitioning
residential area, France PM0.5 72SVOC Bioaccessibility (%): PEs: 62~100, PBDEs: 71~79, PCBs: 48~56, PAHs: 48~90 74
Fig. 3 IBAc of Pb in mice of instillation with PM2.5 was used to screen out and optimize four common IBAcP(SLF, SELF, ALF and GS).(a) In vivo-in vitro correlation of Pb-BAc with Pb-RBA.(b) The metabolic kinetics of Pb in lungs during 7-days exposure to simulated PM2.5.(c) The dose dependent of Pb in kidneys of mice in 2-days exposure.(d) The Pb-BAc from GS at different solid to liquid ratio of correlations with Pb-RBA in the simulated PM2.5[63]
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