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Progress in Chemistry 2019, Vol. 31 Issue (1): 94-109 DOI: 10.7536/PC180506 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

The Principles and Applications of Electrospray-Based Ambient Ionization

Yuling Li, Junbo Zhao, Yinlong Guo**()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Yinlong Guo
  • About author:
    ** Corresponding author e-mail:
  • Supported by:
    The work was supported by the National Natural Foundation of China(21532005); The work was supported by the National Natural Foundation of China(21472228); The work was supported by the National Natural Foundation of China(21874144); The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0800704)
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As one of the most promising analytical instruments, mass spectrometry(MS) technology has shown a broad application prospect in medicine, food, environment, human health, national security and other related fields. While the different types of analytes have diverse characteristics and largely add the difficulties of direct ionization and mass spectrometric analysis. Ambient mass spectrometry(AMS) is a kind of newly emerging technology performed under ambient conditions that allows the direct analysis of sample or sample surfaces with little or no sample pretreatment. The development and applications of ambient ionization mass spectrometry(AI-MS) that realized ionization under ambient conditions without sample pretreatment have become a frontier field in mass spectrometry and deserved much attention over the last few years. Ambient ionization has high sensitivity and specificity. It also can rapidly analysis real-time in situ and achieve high-throughput analysis without destructing the sample. As a soft ionization method, ESI offers unique advantages for proteomics by allowing the direct analysis of thermolabile compounds and forming multiply charged ions. The developments and applications of mass spectrometry imaging(MSI) have become a frontier field in mass spectrometry and molecular imaging. Some recent contributions on the development of ambient ionization can be applied to mass spectrometry imaging. This review focuses on the development of ionization mechanism, characteristics and applications of various ion sources, which are based on electrospray ionization (ESI) principle.

Key words: mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization, ambient ionization, ionization mechanism, mass spectrometry imaging
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the development of mass spectrometer ion source
Table 1 Electrospray-based ionization
abbreviation name ref
DESI Desorption electrospray ionization 24
PSI Paper spray ionization 41
EESI Extraction electrospray ionization 42,43
PESI Probe-electrospray ionization 44,45
WT-ESI Wooden-tip electrospray ionization 46
Pulsed-dc-ESI Pulsed direct current electrospray ionization 47
LAESI Laser ablation electrospray ionization 48
ESTASI Electrostatic-Spray Ionization 49
SAESI Solvent-assisted electrospray ionization 50
AFAI Air flow assisted ionization 51
APNR Atmospheric pressure neutral reionization 52
FEDI Fast eruption desorption ionization 53
CFI Carbon fiber ionization 54
Fig.2 (a) Schematic diagram of desorption electrospray ionization[24]; (b) Schematic showing the apparatus of time-resolved DESI-MS[58]
Fig.3 Schematic diagram of air flow assisted ionization[51]
Fig.4 Schematic diagram of probe electrospray ionization
Fig.5 Schematic showing the processes and apparatus used for APNR-MS[52]
Fig.6 Schematic of extraction electrospray ionization
Fig.7 Schematic diagram of solvent-assisted electrospray ionization[50]
Fig.8 (a) ESI-MS spectrum; (b) SAESI-MS spectrum of the reaction solution and Ph3 PAuNTf2 in CH2Cl2[50]
Fig.9 Schematic diagram of the CE-DBDI-MS interface[71]
Fig.10 Interface for online coupling of CE to ambient MS using DART[72]
Fig.11 Schematic diagram of paper spray ionization[41]
Fig.12 Schematic diagram of wooden-tips eletrospray ionization[46]
Fig.13 Schematic diagram of leaf spray[77]
Fig.14 Schematic of the electrospray ionization system with inhouse-made carbon fiber emitter[80]
Fig.15 Schematic view of the experimental setup allowing for reactions between radicals formed from a low-temperature helium plasma and peptide ions formed from nanoESI[82]
Fig.16 Model for the ionization behavior of pulsed-dc-ESI(positive mode). The procedure to generate one pulsed spray has four steps: solution polarization, positive electrospray, electrochemical reaction in liquid-gas surface, and discharge between gas and electrode, namely,step 1 to step 4, respectively[47]
Fig.17 Schematic Representation of the Setups for Electrostatic-Spray Ionization[49]
Fig.18 (a) Schematic of ZV-PSI[86]; (b) Spectrum of [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]+[87]
Fig.19 Schematic of fast eruption desorption ionization[53]
Fig.20 (a) Schematic of ZV-CFI; (b) Spectrum of diquat
Fig.21 (a) Spectrum of Torsememi; (b) Device schematic of ZV-CFI
Fig.22 (a) 3D and (b) side view schematic representation of the setup used for ESTASI-MSI[94]
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