Metal nanoclusters, with their atomically precise structures, unique quantum effects, and tunable optoelectronic properties, have emerged as a crucial bridge connecting discrete metal atoms and bulk metals. As a pivotal material for next-generation high-performance optoelectronic devices, in-depth understanding of their structure-property relationship is necessary for the on-demand design of functional devices. However, conventional characterization techniques predominantly focus on the macroscopic effects induced by collective behaviors of cluster ensembles, making it difficult to precisely resolve the structure-performance relationship of metal nanoclusters at the atomic level, significantly hindering the advancement of metal nanoclusters in atomically precise fabrication and functional integration. With continuous progress of single-molecule electronics, single-cluster devices have emerged as an effective platform for directly revealing the intrinsic electronic structure and quantum transport behavior of metal nanomaterials at the single-cluster scale, largely bypassing the ambiguity in structure-performance relationship caused by averaging effects and structure heterogeneity of cluster ensembles. This review focuses on the single-cluster devices research, systematically summarizing recent progress in precise synthesis of functionalized clusters, fabrication of single-cluster devices, electrical transport behavior of single-cluster devices, and their potential applications in diverse fields. We then conclude our discussion with key challenges and perspectives for the future development of single-cluster devices, aiming at offering an useful reference for design and fabrication of nanodevices at the atomic level.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Precise synthesis of functionalized metal nanoclusters

2.1 Metal core doping

2.2 Ligand engineering

3 Fabrication of single cluster devices

3.1 Static single-cluster devices - electromigration technique

3.2 Dynamic single-cluster devices

4 Electrical transport properties of single-cluster devices

4.1 Regulation of electrical transport properties of single-cluster junctions at the cluster-electrode interface

4.2 Regulation of electrical transport properties of single-cluster junctions by the intrinsic structure of clusters

5 Applications of single-cluster devices

5.1 Single-cluster switch devices

5.2 Single-cluster transistor devices

5.3 Catalytic characterization platform based on single cluster devices

5.4 Single-cluster light-emitting diode devices

6 Conclusion and outlook

With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, the types of environmental pollutants have multiplied, and sample matrices have become increasingly complex, placing higher demands on the selectivity and anti-interference capability of detection technologies. Conventional methods such as ICP-MS and GC-MS are limited by cumbersome sample pretreatment and high operational costs, making them unsuitable for rapid and on-site monitoring. Carbon dots (CDs), as a promising class of zero-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials, offer a green and sensitive alternative for constructing fluorescent probes due to their exceptional optical properties, low toxicity, and tunable surface functionalities. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in CDs-based fluorescent probes for environmental monitoring, covering synthesis strategies, luminescence mechanisms, characterization techniques, and their applications in detecting metal ions, inorganic anions, and organic pollutants. Special emphasis is placed on the design principles and response mechanisms of three types of probes: fluorescence quenching, fluorescence enhancement, and ratiometric fluorescence sensing. Notably, ratiometric probes utilize built-in reference signals to achieve self-calibration in complex matrices, significantly improving accuracy and anti-interference performance. Furthermore, this review highlights the integration of CDs-based probes with smartphone-based sensing platforms, demonstrating their great potential for on-site, rapid, and visual detection of pollutants. These advances provide a clear pathway toward making environmental monitoring more convenient and intelligent. Finally, current challenges and future prospects in material design, mechanism studies, application expansion, and intelligent platform development are discussed, offering theoretical and technical support for further innovations in the field.

Cell heterogeneity is key to understanding life processes such as embryonic development and disease evolution, while traditional bulk cell RNA sequencing cannot resolve gene expression differences at the single-cell level. Although single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology can construct transcriptomic maps at single-cell resolution, it faces challenges such as low efficiency in single-cell isolation and capture, and large deviations in trace RNA manipulation. Microfluidic chip technology, through a microscale fluid manipulation system, integrates processes such as single-cell isolation, lysis, reverse transcription, amplification, and sequencing library construction, achieving high-throughput, low sample loss, and automated operations, which significantly improve the efficiency and data reliability of scRNA-seq. This paper outlines the sequencing process of scRNA-seq, including steps such as single-cell isolation and capture, RNA extraction, reverse transcription and amplification, and single-cell sequencing. It analyzes the core advantages of microfluidic chips in adapting to single cells, precisely controlling reaction volumes, and realizing process automation, and briefly describes the technical principles and characteristics of representative platforms such as Fluidigm C1, 10X Genomics Chromium, and BD Rhapsody. Microfluidic chip technology provides an efficient and precise technical platform for scRNA-seq. In the future, with the continuous optimization of chip design and the improvement of multi-omics integrated analysis capabilities, we expect it to play a more profound role in resolving complex biological systems, revealing disease mechanisms, and even promoting precision medicine.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Workflow

2.1 Isolation and Capture of Single Cells

2.2 RNA Extraction, Reverse Transcription and Amplification

2.3 Single-Cell Sequencing

3 Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Technology Based on Microfluidic Chips

3.1 Development history of scRNA-seq based on microfluidic chips

3.2 Core Advantages of Microfluidic Chips in scRNA-seq

4 Representative Microfluidic Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Platforms

4.1 Fluidigm C1 Platform

4.2 10X Genomics Chromium Platform

4.3 BD Rhapsody Platform

5 Summary and Prospects

In recent years, the rapid advancement of modern technology in fields such as aerospace, electronic information, and deep-sea engineering has imposed increasingly stringent requirements on the comprehensive performance of materials serving in extreme environments (e.g., high temperature, high humidity, strong corrosion, and high-frequency electric fields). Traditional epoxy resins, however, suffer from inherent limitations such as insufficient heat resistance and limited chemical stability. To address these issues, fluorine atoms or fluorine-containing groups have been incorporated into epoxy resin systems through precise molecular design and structural regulation, leading to the development of a series of fluorinated epoxy resins with excellent heat resistance, low dielectric constant, and high chemical stability. While retaining the inherent high mechanical strength and excellent adhesion of conventional epoxy resins, these materials exhibit significantly enhanced comprehensive performance under extreme conditions, such as high temperature, high humidity, strong corrosion, and high-frequency electric fields, attributed to the high bond energy of C-F bonds and the strong electronegativity of fluorine atoms. This review begins with the construction methods of fluorine-containing epoxy resins and the mechanisms of fluorination modification, systematically summarizes the effects of various strategies, including chemical modification, physical blending, and surface fluorination, on the aggregation state structure, interfacial characteristics, and macroscopic properties. It further reviews the application progress of such materials in heavy-duty anti-corrosion coatings, high-frequency electronic packaging, and composites for extreme environments. Current challenges related to cost control, performance balance, and environmental adaptability are discussed. Finally, future development trends and opportunities in green synthesis, intelligent responsiveness, and high-throughput design are prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis and preparation of fluorine-containing epoxy resin

2.1 The synthesis method of fluorine-containing epoxy resin

2.2 The influence of functionalization modification on epoxy resin

3 Research progress and innovative breakthroughs in the multi-dimensional application of fluorine-containing epoxy resin materials

3.1 Chemical engineering field: Long-lasting anti-corrosion and functional coating innovation

3.2 Electronics field: breakthroughs in high-frequency dielectric and integrated packaging

3.3 Frontier interdisciplinary field: innovation in extreme environments and green materials

4 Conclusion and outlook

Blue phase liquid crystals (BPLCs), as self-assembled three-dimensional photonic crystals, exhibit tunable structural colors originating from their distinctive Bragg reflection. However, the reflective efficiency and color saturation of conventional BPLC devices often fall short of the demands of cutting-edge applications, spurring the pursuit of "super-reflection"—a state characterized by near-theoretical-limit reflectivity and high color purity. This review systematically summarizes and critically discusses recent advances in the field of super-reflective BPLCs. We elucidate the microscopic structure of BPLCs, their photonic bandgap effects, and the underlying physical mechanism of selective reflection. Furthermore, we categorize three core strategies for achieving super-reflection: i) optimizing intrinsic material properties via molecular engineering, ii) enhancing structural perfection and defect suppression through lattice control, and iii) designing multi-layer or composite device architectures based on optical resonance. Key application breakthroughs are reviewed, spanning next-generation reflective displays, multi-modal optical anti-counterfeiting, highly sensitive sensing, tunable laser protection, and novel optical imaging. Finally, we analyze the core challenges facing the field, including material stability, large-area fabrication, and the range of dynamic tunability. The review concludes with perspectives on future directions, particularly the convergence of BPLCs with smart materials and advanced manufacturing technologies, aiming to provide insights and inspiration for advancing the theoretical understanding and industrial application of BPLC-based photonic devices.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Structure and Reflection Color Mechanism of Blue Phase Liquid Crystal

2.1 Microstructure and Phase Behavior of BPLC

2.2 Bragg Reflection and Photonic Bandgap Effect

2.3 Key Factors Affecting Reflection Characteristics

3 Implementation Strategy and Quality Control of Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Superreflection

3.1 Material Design and Optimization

3.2 Structural Perfection and Defect Control

3.3 Multilayer Structure and Optical Resonance Design

4 Cutting-Edge Applications of Superreflective Bplc

4.1 Application of Blue Phase Liquid Crystal in Display Technology

4.2 Applications in Optical Security

4.3 Optical Sensing and Imaging Applications

5 Conclusions

α-sheet is a rare secondary structure of peptides. Unlike common peptides secondary structures, α-sheet exhibits polarity with orderly arranged inter-strand hydrogen bonds while maintaining an extended conformation of α-strand. Due to its unstable molecular arrangement, it has long been ignored as a temporary product during the protein folding process. With the advancement of crystallography and molecular dynamics simulation technologies, research on amyloid proteins causing various neurodegenerative diseases has found that α-sheet might be a critical intermediate in the formation of amyloid fibrils. Therefore, defining the formation cause and assembly mechanism of α-sheet can help to further understand the pathogenic principle of amyloid-related diseases and propose early diagnosis and targeted treatment strategies, as well as help to design self-assembly peptide biomaterials with various functions, such as piezoelectricity, biomimetic catalysis and drug delivery. In this review, we summarize recent progress of the peptides secondary structure, especially the rare secondary structures led by α-sheet, and focus on reviewing the self-assembly mechanism, regulatory mode and supramolecular structure of α-sheet peptides. In addition, the development potential of biomaterials based on self-assembly peptides has also been discussed.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Peptide secondary structure in neurodegenerative diseases

2.1 β-sheet amyloid fibril

2.2 α-sheet intermediate

2.3 α to β conformational change

2.4 α-sheet peptide targeted therapy

3 Self-assembly peptides based on different chirality

4 Self-assembly peptides based on different secondary structure

4.1 β-sheet

4.2 α-helix

4.3 α-sheet

5 Conclusion and outlook

Hydrogen energy, as a pivotal clean energy carrier under the carbon neutrality goal, urgently demands breakthroughs in its efficient preparation technology. This paper focuses on pulsed electrolysis for hydrogen production, systematically elucidating the mechanisms of reducing the diffusion layer thickness, accelerating bubble detachment, and enhancing electrode stability through periodic modulation of current/voltage. It reveals the optimization mechanisms of suppressing the bubble shielding effect via pulse modulation and shortening the ion relaxation time using high-frequency pulses. The paper summarizes the influence laws of pulse parameters (waveform, frequency, duty cycle, etc.) on hydrogen production characteristics, compares the application potential of inductive pulses, voltage/current pulses, and fluctuating power electrolysis technologies, and highlights their advantages in adapting to the fluctuating power sources of wind and solar energy (wide power regulation range, suppression of voltage flicker). Despite demonstrating high energy efficiency and robust performance, pulsed electrolysis still encounters bottlenecks such as insufficient electrode impact resistance and unclear multi-parameter coupling mechanisms. Future research should integrate intelligent algorithms for dynamic regulation optimization, develop integrated wind-solar-storage-hydrogen systems, promote the application of high-frequency resonance and low ripple filtering technologies, and accelerate the large-scale production of green hydrogen. This paper provides theoretical support for the advancement of pulsed electrolysis technology and its potential engineering applications.

Contents

1. Introduction 3

2. Principle of hydrogen production by pulse electrolysis of water 4

2.1. Introduction to hydrogen production technology through water electrolysis 4

2.2. Analysis of the mechanism for enhancing hydrogen production performance through pulse electroly….….. 6

3. The influence of pulse parameters on hydrogen production characteristics 7

3.1. Impact of pulse waveform 8

3.2. Impact of pulse period, frequency, and duty cycle ……..………. 8

3.3. Impact of pulse potential 10

4. Classification of hydrogen production technology through pulsed electrolysis of water 10

4.1. Hydrogen production through induced pulse electrolysis of water 10

4.2. Hydrogen production through electrolysis of water using voltage pulse 11

4.3. Hydrogen production by electrolysis of water using current pulse 12

4.4. Power fluctuation in hydrogen production through water electrolysis 12

5. Wide-power hydrogen production technology through water electrolysis, adaptable to fluctuating wind and solar inputs 12

5.1. Impact of fluctuation in wind and solar power sources………. 13

5.2. Hydrogen production technology based on wind fluctuation power generation 13

5.3. Photovoltaic fluctuation power generation and hydrogen production technology 14

5.4. Hydrogen production technology through wind-solar hybrid fluctuating power generation 15

6. Summary and Future Outlook

Ring-opening polymerizations (ROP) of cyclic monomers for the synthesis of biodegradable polymers have attracted growing research interest from polymer chemistry. As a green synthetic strategy, bottlenecks still remain for enzymatic ROP, such as low efficiency and broad molecular weight distribution. In contrast to the traditional batch reactor, a microreactor featuring a huge surface-to-volume ratio and continuous flow characteristics enables process intensification and allows for applications in organic and polymeric synthesis. Recently, remarkable advantages have been demonstrated by the combination of microreactor-based flow chemistry and enzymatic ROP, such as accelerated apparent polymerization rate constant, lower polydispersity (Đ), and higher end-group fidelity. Moreover, continuous flow chemo-enzymatic platforms have been developed to efficiently prepare biodegradable block and bottlebrush copolymers. This review focuses on the advances in microreactor-based continuous flow enzymatic and chemo-enzymatic ring-opening polymerizations for the synthesis of biodegradable polymers. The challenges and opportunities are also discussed with the target for the development of biocatalysis and biodegradable polymers.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis of biodegradable polymers by continuous flow enzymatic ROP

2.1 Water as initiator

2.2 Alcohol as initiator

2.3 Optimization of polymerizations

3 Synthesis of functional biodegradable polymers by continuous flow chemo-enzymatic routes

3.1 Block copolymers

3.2 Bottlebrush polymers

3.3 Polymer stabilized nanoparticles

4 Conclusion and outlook

During the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the surface reconstruction phenomenon of catalysts is closely related to the enhancement of their catalytic performance. However, the mechanistic understanding of catalyst surface reconstruction remains incomplete, particularly the technical bottlenecks in achieving controlled surface reconstruction and precise regulation of active sites. To address this, this article systematically elucidates two OER catalytic mechanisms-the adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM) and the lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism (LOM) and analyzes the influence of pH, temperature, and applied potential on the surface reconstruction behavior of catalysts. Key mechanisms such as ion leaching (cation/anion leaching), elemental doping (metal/non-metal doping), and size effect modulation are summarized to reveal the relationship between surface reconstruction and catalytic activity of the OER catalysts. This work aims to provide theoretical support for the development of high-performance OER electrocatalysts. Finally, based on the challenges and prospects faced by surface-reconstructed OER catalysts, the potential impact of controlled reconstruction on the catalytic performance is prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 OER Catalytic Mechanisms

2.1 Adsorbate Evolution Mechanism

2.2 Lattice Oxygen Oxidation Mechanism

3 Surface Reconstruction

3.1 Fundamental Principles of Surface Reconstruction

3.2 Factors Influencing Surface Reconstruction

4 Strategies for Modulating OER Catalyst Surface Reconstruction

4.1 Ion Leaching

4.2 Elemental Doping

4.3 Size Regulation

5 Conclusion and outlook

In response to the global energy crisis and environmental challenges, photocatalytic hydrogen (H₂) production has emerged as a sustainable alternative toward clean energy conversion. Among diverse photocatalysts investigated, TiO₂-based nanomaterials have attracted significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties, such as high chemical stability, strong redox capacity and tunable electronic structures, along with high cost-effectiveness. Extensive research on TiO₂-based photocatalysts proves their enormous potential in the field of H₂ production. This timely and critical review explores the recent advances in TiO₂-based photocatalysts, discussing their distinctive advantages and synthesis methods in photocatalytic H₂ production. Modification strategies, such as elemental doping (e.g., precious metals, non-precious metals and non-metals), morphology engineering and composite formation, are summarised to improve photocatalytic efficiency. Advanced in/ex situ characterization techniques employed to probe photocatalytic mechanisms are also highlighted. Finally, major challenges, such as limited visible-light activity and charge recombination, are outlined, with perspectives on emerging TiO₂-based nanomaterials and design strategies to overcome current bottlenecks. And the research focus in the future is prospected, such as atomic interface engineering, machine learning auxiliary material design and large-scale preparation technology. This work aims to provide insights into the rational design of TiO₂-based photocatalysts for next-generation H₂ production systems.

This article reviews the challenges and recent advancements in the utilization of methane (CH₄) resources via low-temperature electrochemical oxidation (CH₄OR) for producing value-added chemicals. Conventional indirect pathways, including methane reforming, are energy-intensive and operate under harsh conditions. In contrast, thermal catalytic partial oxidation frequently results in over-oxidation, thereby limiting their practical applications. In contrast, electrochemical CH₄OR represents a promising alternative, facilitating efficient methane conversion under mild conditions, compatible with renewable energy sources, and providing advantages in product separation and transport. This review explores the mechanistic aspects of C-H bond activation during CH₄OR, encompassing both direct and radical-mediated indirect pathways.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 The mechanism of low-temperature electrooxidation of methane

2.1 Direct activation mechanism of methane dehydrogenation

2.2 Mechanism of methane dehydrogenation activated by reactive oxygen species

2.3 Kinetic and thermodynamic control in the CH₄OR

3 Methane electrooxidation catalyst

3.1 Noble metal catalysts

3.2 Alloy catalysts

3.3 Transition metal oxide catalysts

3.4 MOFs catalysts

3.5 Single atom catalysts

4 Defect engineering: material design strategy for catalytic performance optimization

5 Conclusions and Prospects

Photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production is recognized as one of the most promising solutions to alleviate global energy crises and mitigate environmental pollution. As a typical ternary chalcogenide semiconductor with a layered structure, Zn₃In₂S₆ (ZIS) has garnered significant attention in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, thanks to its favorable energy band structure, excellent visible-light response capability, and abundant surface active sites. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress of ZIS-based nanomaterials in photocatalytic hydrogen production. First, it systematically elaborates on the fundamental properties of ZIS, including its hexagonal layered crystal structure, and its energy band characteristics, as well as the core mechanism of photocatalytic hydrogen production centered on the separation and migration of photogenerated carriers. Then, the review focuses on the application progress of ZIS-based nanomaterials in different photocatalytic hydrogen production systems: overall water splitting (achieving efficient carrier separation via S-scheme heterojunctions), hydrogen production in sacrificial agent systems (optimizing hole consumption paths with agents like lactic acid, formic acid, and triethanolamine to enhance efficiency), and bifunctional coupled reaction systems (including organic pollutant degradation coupled with hydrogen production, selective oxidation of alcohols such as benzyl alcohol and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural coupled with hydrogen production, and hydrogen peroxide synthesis coupled with hydrogen production). For each system, a comparative analysis is conducted on reaction mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages, performance optimization strategies (e.g., heterojunction construction, cocatalyst loading, defect engineering), and technical economy. Finally, the review discusses the current challenges faced by ZIS-based photocatalytic materials, especially in bifunctional coupled reaction systems, such as limited selectivity in organic oxidation, catalyst deactivation, and complex product separation, and proposes future development directions, including the design of atomically dispersed cocatalysts, in-situ mechanism studies using advanced characterization technologies, and integration with practical application scenarios like wastewater treatment. This review provides a systematic reference for the rational design and further development of high-performance ZIS-based photocatalytic materials for hydrogen production.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Structure and Properties of ZIS-based Nanomaterials

2.1 Crystal Structure

2.2 Optical Properties and Energy Band Structure

3 Mechanism of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production

4 Research Progress on Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production by ZIS-based Nanomaterials

4.1 Overall Water Splitting for Hydrogen Production by ZIS

4.2 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production in Sacrificial Agents Systems

4.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants Coupled with Hydrogen Production

4.4 Photocatalytic Selective Oxidation of BA/Biomass Alcohols Coupled with Hydrogen Production

4.5 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Coupled with Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis

5 Conclusions, Future Outlook, and Challenges

5.1 Conclusions

5.2 Future Outlook and Challenges

Self-enhanced electrochemiluminescence (SEECL), as an emerging analytical technique, significantly enhances electrochemiluminescence (ECL) efficiency by integrating luminophores and co-reactants into unified nanostructures or molecular frameworks, demonstrating substantial value in the fields of bioanalysis and environmental sensing. Based on the integration mode of luminophores and co-reactants, SEECL structures can be categorized into two types: covalently bonded SEECL and non-covalently bonded SEECL. Covalently bonded SEECL can be further divided into inorganic, organic, and nanoscale covalent bonding SEECL systems, while non-covalently bonded SEECL includes structures such as nanocarrier encapsulation, self-assembly, and metal-organic framework (MOF)-based SEECL. On the basis of summarizing the construction principle of SEECL, this paper summarizes its applications in areas including bioanalysis (protein biomarker detection, nucleic acid analysis, and enzyme activity monitoring), environmental sensing (trace detection of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants), food safety testing, wearable devices, and point-of-care testing (POCT). Additionally, the article addresses unresolved issues such as the stability, biocompatibility of SEECL materials and interference from complex matrices, and prospects its future development directions, providing a reference for subsequent research on SEECL.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Construction of SEECL systems

2.1 Mechanistic insights into SEECL

2.2 Covalent-bonded SEECL systems

2.3 Non-covalent-bonded SEECL Systems

3 Applications of SEECL

3.1 Bioanalysis

3.2 Environmental sensing

3.3 Other categories

4 Conclusion and prospect

In recent years, visible-light-promoted palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions and C-H functionalization have witnessed remarkable advances in the field of organic synthesis. By utilizing photoexcited palladium complexes to mediate single-electron transfer (SET) processes, researchers have effectively addressed challenges associated with the activation of inert bonds in conventional thermal catalytic systems. This strategy has notably expanded the scope of applicable substrates and improved compatibility with diverse functional groups. This review highlights recent developments in visible-light-induced palladium-catalyzed Negishi coupling, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, Heck reaction, three-component coupling, as well as C-H functionalization. Particular emphasis is placed on the distinct advantages of photoexcited palladium catalysis in enabling inert bond activation, regioselective control, and stereoselective transformations. This Pd/photoredox dual catalytic strategy significantly enhances reaction regioselectivity and stereocontrol, substantially broadening the substrate scope and functional group tolerance. It demonstrates particular utility in the construction of fluorinated molecules, strained rings, and heterocyclic architectures, offering a novel and efficient green pathway for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, functional materials, and natural products, thereby revealing considerable application potential.

Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reactions (CO₂RR) have become an important means of building sustainable energy systems due to their potential to convert carbon dioxide into high-value chemicals under mild conditions, as global carbon dioxide emissions become increasingly serious. This review provides a systematic overview of the research progress in the construction of CO₂RR electrodes, with a focus on the structural design principles of the electrodes. It highlights typical construction strategies for metal-based, carbon-based, and emerging electrode structures, analyzing the effects of conductivity, pore structure, and three-phase interface stability on electron transport, carbon dioxide mass transfer, and product desorption behavior.

It particularly emphasizes the crucial role of surface and interface engineering in enhancing catalytic selectivity and long-term stability, and summarizes cutting-edge construction methods such as 3D printing, bio-inspired modification of electrodes, and the use of derivative materials. Although existing research has made significant progress under laboratory conditions, challenges such as structural stability, construction costs, and large-scale manufacturability remain to be addressed in practical applications. Therefore, this review proposes that future research should be conducted in a coordinated manner in the areas of interface microenvironment control, structural modeling, and manufacturing process simplification to achieve efficient, stable, and scalable CO₂RR electrode systems.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 CO₂RR mechanism

3 CO₂RR Electrode Construction

3.1 Transition metal-based

3.2 Carbon-based

3.3 Emerging Structures and 3D Printed Electrodes

4 Surface and Interface Engineering

5 Conclusion and outlook

Recent advances in machine learning (ML) have demonstrated remarkable potential in revolutionizing the design, property prediction, and synthesis optimization of nanomaterials, facilitating a paradigm shift from traditional empirical approaches to data-driven methodologies in nanoscience. This review systematically examines the research frameworks and cutting-edge developments in ML-assisted nanomaterial design and fabrication, with a focus on representative material systems, including zero-dimensional quantum dots, one-dimensional nanotubes, two-dimensional materials, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Key technical aspects such as data acquisition and feature engineering, supervised and unsupervised modeling, generative algorithms, and automated experimental platforms are critically discussed. Furthermore, we highlight emerging challenges and future directions, emphasizing the need for standardized databases, physics-informed ML models, and closed-loop experimental systems to enable intelligent and efficient nanomaterial development. This work provides a comprehensive methodological reference for the integration of ML in next-generation nanomaterial research.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Machine Learning Application Framework

2.1 Acquisition and Standardized Preprocessing of High-Quality Data

2.2 Representation Methods and Feature Engineering for Material Structures

2.3 Model Construction and Training

2.4 Validation and Generalization Assessment

2.5 Performance Prediction and Material Screening

2.6 Inverse Design and Generative Structural Optimization

3 Representative Research Progress

3.1 Zero-Dimensional Nanomaterials

3.2 One-Dimensional Nanomaterials

3.3 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

3.4 Metal-Organic Frameworks

4 Conclusion and Outlook

Cell heterogeneity is key to understanding life processes such as embryonic development and disease evolution, while traditional bulk cell RNA sequencing cannot resolve gene expression differences at the single-cell level. Although single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology can construct transcriptomic maps at single-cell resolution, it faces challenges such as low efficiency in single-cell isolation and capture, and large deviations in trace RNA manipulation. Microfluidic chip technology, through a microscale fluid manipulation system, integrates processes such as single-cell isolation, lysis, reverse transcription, amplification, and sequencing library construction, achieving high-throughput, low sample loss, and automated operations, which significantly improve the efficiency and data reliability of scRNA-seq. This paper outlines the sequencing process of scRNA-seq, including steps such as single-cell isolation and capture, RNA extraction, reverse transcription and amplification, and single-cell sequencing. It analyzes the core advantages of microfluidic chips in adapting to single cells, precisely controlling reaction volumes, and realizing process automation, and briefly describes the technical principles and characteristics of representative platforms such as Fluidigm C1, 10X Genomics Chromium, and BD Rhapsody. Microfluidic chip technology provides an efficient and precise technical platform for scRNA-seq. In the future, with the continuous optimization of chip design and the improvement of multi-omics integrated analysis capabilities, we expect it to play a more profound role in resolving complex biological systems, revealing disease mechanisms, and even promoting precision medicine.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Workflow

2.1 Isolation and Capture of Single Cells

2.2 RNA Extraction, Reverse Transcription and Amplification

2.3 Single-Cell Sequencing

3 Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Technology Based on Microfluidic Chips

3.1 Development history of scRNA-seq based on microfluidic chips

3.2 Core Advantages of Microfluidic Chips in scRNA-seq

4 Representative Microfluidic Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Platforms

4.1 Fluidigm C1 Platform

4.2 10X Genomics Chromium Platform

4.3 BD Rhapsody Platform

5 Summary and Prospects

Air pollution is a major challenge for the improvement of urban environmental quality. The process of urbanization is an important cause of highly complex air pollution, on the other hand it also provides artificial reinforcement conditions for self-purification of air pollutants in cities. "Environmental catalytic city" refers to the spontaneous catalytic purification of low concentration gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere by catalytic materials coating on the artificial surfaces, such as building surfaces in the city under natural photothermal conditions. "Environmental catalytic city" is of great significance for the control of complex air pollution without additional energy consumption, the continuous improvement of indoor and outdoor air quality, and the scheme and construction of " self-purifying city". Here, we propose the concept of “environmental catalytic city”, and discuss its further improvement, development, and application.

Lignocellulose aerogels possess excellent properties of low density, high porosity, low thermal conductivity and so on, making them widely utilized in thermal insulation, adsorption, catalysis, electromagnetic shielding, biomedical and other fields. Moreover, as a bio-based material, lignocellulose is a green, pollution-free, renewable, and sustainable material. In this paper, the latest research progress of wood-based cellulose and agricultural waste-based cellulose aerogels are reviewed. Then the current research status of lignocellulose aerogel preparation methods including freeze-drying, supercritical drying, and atmospheric drying, is summarized. In addition, for the flammability issues commonly found in lignocellulose aerogels, commonly used methods to improve the flame retardancy of lignocellulose aerogels are discussed in detail. Finally, this paper concludes the main problems in lignocellulose aerogel preparation methods and properties, and the future development direction in this field is proposed.

Water is a clean, safe, environmentally benign chemical reaction medium. Understanding the properties of water and the chemical processes in hydrothermal systems is of vital significance in the research of condensed matter chemistry. The physicochemical features of water under hydrothermal conditions greatly differ from that under normal condition, and thus the hydrothermal technique has been extended to much broader systems. In this review article, we introduce the structures of water and its clusters, the variation of their properties along with conditions, and relevant condensed matters in hydrothermal systems. We also illustrate the hydrothermal chemistry through discussing the preparation of typical materials through hydrothermal methods, hydrothermal organic reactions, and bio-hydrothermal chemistry. By relating condensed matter and hydrothermal chemistry, we hope this review will offer new ideas for comprehending hydrothermal reaction systems from the angle of condensed matter chemistry.

Fuel cell technology and its industrialization have been developed rapidly in China in recent years. However, the high cost of the fuel cell caused mainly by the using of precious Pt catalysts is still one of the most important factors restricting the development of fuel cell commercialization. It is of great significance to develop low Pt catalysts with much higher catalytic efficiency and lower Pt loadings. In recent years, Pt-based catalysts with three-dimensional morphology or nanostructure have been emerged as a type of ultra-important low Pt catalysts, due to their special morphologies/structures, their catalytic activity are usually much higher than that of the widely used Pt/C catalysts. In this paper, the research progress of Pt-based catalysts with special three-dimensional morphology (such as nanoframe structure, flower-like structure, nanocage structure, sea urchin structure, etc.) and their applications in fuel cells are reviewed, meanwhile, some weaknesses and challenges of these catalysts are concluded; Furthermore, the future development and application of these catalysts are prospected.

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging, as a new type of imaging technique that offers strong optical absorption contrast and high ultrasonic resolution, shows great application prospects in the early disease diagnosis for its characteristics of deep tissue penetration and high spatial resolution. However, traditional "always on" PA contrast agents have many disadvantages such as low signal-to-noise ratio, poor selectivity and specificity. In contrast, activatable PA contrast agents, where the imaging signal can be changed in response to pathologic parameters, have shown decreased background signal and improved selectivity and specificity in early disease detection. Moreover, these contrast agents can obtain pathological parameters and information of various diseases at the molecular level by rational design to their structures, providing important guidelines for the optimization of treatment options. Therefore, activatable PA contrast agents hold greater promise in clinical practice than traditional "always on" PA contrast agents. In this review, we describe the recent advances in the development of activatable PA contrast agents. The design mechanisms and proof-of-concept applications of these activatable PA contrast agents are summarized in detail. The use of these activatable probes to detect different pathologic parameters (such as metal ions, enzymes, reactive nitrogen and reactive oxygen) is highlighted. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives in this emerging field are also analyzed.

The elemental sulfur as an active cathode material in lithium sulfur batteries possess a high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh/kg, which is 5~6 times higher than that of traditional Li-ion batteries. Thus, the use of lithium sulfur batteries can significantly prolong the endurance mileage of electric cars and working time of electronic products. However, lithium sulfur batteries are suffering from the dissolution of polysulfide in the electrolyte during charging and discharging process, which can cause dramatic loss of active materials in the cathode. In order to suppress the problem of polysulfide dissolution, strategies such as porous modification and polarization were applied to increase the sulfiphilicity of cathode host. The biomass fibers are natural nanomaterial source to obtain cathode host materials which typically possess natural abundant hierarchical pores and heteroatoms. The porosity and heteroatom doping properties of biomass fiber derived host materials can be used to trap polysulfide via chemical and physical adsorption in cathode. The application of such materials in cathode are beneficial for slowing down the decay rate of cycling stability in lithium sulfur batteries. This review provides an overview and discussion on the application, working mechanism, problems and prospects of the biomass fibers derived cathode host for lithium sulfur batteries.

In recent years,the use of abundant and renewable biomass resources to prepare high value-added chemicals and liquid fuels is one of the hot spots in the chemical research field,which is in line with the national strategy of sustainable development. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)is one of the key biomass platform compounds,widely used in the preparation of fine platform compounds,drug intermediates,polymer synthesis and liquid fuel precursor. Therefore,the selective oxidation of HMF has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of biomass. This paper mainly introduces the research on preparation of biomass derivatives such as DFF,FFCA and FDCA by selective oxidation of HMF in last five years,and the transformation of biomass with HMF as intermediate. The selective oxidation of HMF mainly focuses on two ways:thermalcatalytic and photocatalytic. Among them,the selective oxidation of HMF to DFF and FDCA by thermalcatalytic is widely studied. The catalytic system under this approach mainly introduces the noble metals and non-precious metals. In the few photocatalytic pathways,the main catalytic system is g-C₃N₄ catalyst. In addition,the deficiencies in there search on the oxidation of HMF are pointed out and the possible solutions are proposed.