Double Network Hydrogels are polymer materials composed of two interpenetrating or semi-penetrating three-dimensional networks, and their unique contrast interpenetrating network structure and adjustable network crosslinking method overcome the obstacles in mechanical properties of single-network hydrogels, and are widely used in tissue engineering, intelligent sensors, ion adsorption and other fields with their good mechanical, anti-swelling, self-healing and other mechanical properties. However, the existing technologies suffer from numerous synthesis steps, complicated preparation conditions and the use of toxic and harmful chemical cross-linking, which limit the mass production of double network hydrogels for applications. Therefore, in recent years, the modification of double network hydrogels has received more and more attention, and researchers have carried out a series of structural modification studies mainly around how to improve the mechanical properties of double network hydrogels, aiming to broaden their application in various fields. In this paper, the types of double network hydrogels are reviewed, and the preparation methods, structures and unique properties of different hydrogels are introduced in detail. The research on modification to improve mechanical properties, anti-swelling performance and self-healing properties is analyzed, aiming to break through the current limitations of double network hydrogels and provide ideas and directions for their future development.

In recent years, organo-metal halide perovskites materials with ABX₃ crystal structure have shown promising application prospects in the field of photoelectric detection due to their optical and electrical properties such as adjustable bandgap engineering, high absorption coefficient and long carrier transmission distance. Especially, the hybrid perovskite prepared by pure Sn or Sn/Pb mixed cations have excellent near-infrared photoelectroresponse in the range of 760~1050 nm, showing many advantages such as high sensitivity, low dark current and high detection rate. To further broaden the near-infrared and infrared response wavelength range of perovskite, the researchers explored combining organic materials, crystalline silicon/germanium, Ⅲ-Ⅴ compounds, Ⅳ-Ⅵ compounds, upconversion fluorescent materials as complementary light absorption layers with perovskite to prepare heterostructures to construct wide-spectrum response near-infrared photodetectors. Based on the above research, this paper summarizes the current effective ways to broaden the spectrum range of perovskite photodetectors. At the same time, the future development prospect of perovskite material near infrared photodetector is prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Basic indicators of photodetectors

2.1 Device structure and working principle of photodetectors

2.2 Performance parameters of photodetectors

2.3 Strategy of broadening the spectrum response range of perovskites

3 Pb perovskite for near-infrared photodetectors

3.1 Polycrystalline perovskite materials

3.2 Single crystal perovskite materials

4 Narrow band gap Sn and Sn/Pb Mixed Perovskite- Based near-infrared photodetectors

4.1 Sn-based perovskite near-infrared photodetectors

4.2 Sn/Pb mixed perovskite near-infrared photodetectors

5 Perovskite/inorganic heterojunction near-infrared photodetectors

5.1 Silicon and other classic semiconductors

5.2 Graphene

5.3 Transition metal dichalcogenides

5.4 Ⅲ-Ⅴ compounds semiconductors

5.5 Ⅳ-Ⅳ compounds semiconductors

6 Perovskite/organic heterojunction near-infrared photodetectors

7 Perovskite/upconversion material near-infrared photodetectors

8 Application of near-infrared photodetectors

9 Conclusion and outlook

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have great advantages in terms of safety, low cost, high theoretical capacity and element abundance, which shows great potential in large-scale energy storage applications. The development of high-performance AZIBs has become a widely interesting topic recently. Although much progress has been made in AZIBs, the low energy density, poor ionic dynamics and short cycling life limit the commercialization of AZIBs. This review summarizes the challenges, recent progress and corresponding strategies for the development of cathodes, anodes, electrolytes, and energy storage mechanisms of AZIBs. It provides useful guidance for researchers in the battery area to design and develop high performance AZIBs.

In recent years, with the rapid advancement and large-scale application of lithium battery technology and electric vehicle, the market demand for lithium resource is growing sharply. However, due to insufficient mining degree and extraction technology, the total production capacity of ore lithium and brine lithium resources is far below the actual market demand. Extracting lithium from surface salt lake brine, deep brine and other liquid resources has the advantages of large resource potential and low extraction cost, which presents an important research direction in the lithium resource extraction field. Among available lithium extraction technologies, adsorption method is suitable for extracting lithium from low concentration and large volume liquid brine resources in China, and selective lithium ion adsorption materials are the core of adsorption method. In this review, we focus on the preparation and application of lithium ion selective adsorption materials for lithium extraction from brine. The preparation methods, adsorption properties and adsorption mechanisms of organic (crown ether), inorganic (aluminum-, manganese- and titanium-based adsorbents) and composite selective lithium adsorption materials are reviewed. This review provides a brief prospect for the design and development of new lithium adsorption materials, which may push forward the efficient extraction and utilization of lithium resources from salt lake brine.

With the widespread use of antibiotics, the problem of water pollution caused by antibiotics is becoming increasingly serious. Currently, technologies for removing antibiotic pollutants from water include physical adsorption, flocculation, and chemical oxidation. However, these processes often leave a large amount of chemical reagents and difficult-to-dispose sediment in water, making post-treatment more difficult. Photocatalytic technology uses photocatalytic materials to decompose antibiotics under light, ultimately forming non-toxic CO₂ and H₂O. Photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics has the advantages of low cost, high efficiency and free secondary pollution. In this paper, the research progress of several commonly used photocatalytic materials for degrading antibiotics is reviewed, and their future researches and applications are also prospected．

As a kind of metal-organic framework (MOF) with high valence, titanium-based metal-organic framework (Ti-MOF) has superior chemical stability, appealing photoresponsive properties, low toxicity and so on. However, due to the high reactivity of titanium sources, it brings certain challenges to the synthesis of materials. In this paper, the research progress of Ti-MOF synthesis in recent years is reviewed, and the solvothermal synthesis, post-synthetic modification and in situ SBUs construction methods are introduced in detail. The topological types and crystal structures formed are analyzed, and the synthesis rules of Ti-MOF and the advantages and disadvantages of various methods are summarized. It is pointed out that the control of the metal source and coordination environment is the most important strategy to obtain Ti-MOF, and the construction of Ti-MOF by in-situ formation of SBUs and heterometallic Ti/M-MOF are prospected.

The optoelectronic properties of organic luminescent materials are strongly correlated with the molecular structure, the flexibility of conformational change and the intermolecular interaction. From the perspective of structure, the carbonyl group and benzene ring of benzophenone have high chemical modifiability. In this paper, the chemical synthesis methods to produce multifunctional organic luminescent materials based on benzophenone framework in recent years are systematically reviewed, including three basic strategies: multiple substitution of benzophenone, using heteroatom as bridging group, vinyl coupling and direct coupling of benzene ring as the center. A variety of multifunctional organic luminescent materials based on this framework have been developed, including fluorescence materials, hosts of precious metal phosphorescence complex, thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials, aggregation-induced emission materials and pure organic room temperature phosphorescence materials. Finally, the development prospect of multi-functional organic luminescent materials based on benzophenone framework is prospected.

Sodium-ion batteries have attracted ever-increasing attention in the fields of low-speed electric vehicles, and large-scale energy storage systems due to the advantages of abundant resources, low cost, high safety, and environmental friendliness. As one of the important components of sodium-ion batteries, the electrolyte is responsible for ion transfer between the cathode and the anode, which has a significant impact on cycle life, high-rate, safety, and self-discharge performance of sodium-ion batteries. However, it is difficult for sodium-ion batteries to perform well at low temperatures due to the decrease in ionic conductivity, the poor compatibility between the electrolyte and the electrode, the increase of desolvating power, and the poor properties of the electrode/electrolyte interphase. In this paper, the new understanding of the Na⁺ solvation structure in the electrolyte and the electrode/electrolyte interphase in recent years are summarized. And the design strategies of low-temperature electrolyte based on H-bond network breakdown, weak solvation, rapid reaction kinetics, and anion intervention are systematically analyzed. Finally, it is pointed out that the key to improving the low-temperature performance of sodium-ion batteries from the perspective of electrolyte is to understand the relationship between the Na⁺ solvation structure, the electrode/electrolyte interface properties, and the low-temperature performance of electrolyte.

Nanomaterial features a high surface area-to-volume ratio and strong surface effects, offering excellent performance in water treatment and broad application prospects. Incorporating nanoparticles into millimeter-scale hosts to prepare millimeter-sized nanocomposite materials can couple the high reactivity of nanoparticles with the easy operability of millimeter-scale hosts. This is an important technical approach to overcome the engineering application bottlenecks of nanomaterials, such as their tendency to agglomerate, low stability, potential environmental risks, and difficult separation. This review summarizes the preparation methods, structural characteristics, and adsorptive and catalytic oxidative removal of pollutants from aqueous systems by millimeter-sized nanocomposites. It elaborates on the confinement effects from the perspectives of confined growth of nanoparticles, confined adsorption properties, and confined catalytic oxidation properties, as well as the synergistic purification effect between the hosts and nanoparticles. Finally, the scientific issues and practical challenges that urgently need to be addressed in the development of millimeter-sized nanocomposites are discussed. We believe this review will provide theoretical guidance and technical references for promoting the practical applications of nanomaterials.

Chitosan has great potential in the fields of materials science and biomedicine because of its advantages such as coagulation, antibacterial, biocompatibility and biodegradation. This paper introduces the coagulation and bacteriostatic mechanism of chitosan, and lists the research progress of new dressings based on chitosan. According to the different morphology, the new dressings can be divided into the following types: fabric dressings based on chitosan, hydrogel dressings based on chitosan, spongy dressings based on chitosan, hydrocolloid dressings based on chitosan, asymmetric wettable dressings based on chitosan and frozen gel dressings based on chitosan. The experimental results of the new dressings based on chitosan in terms of antibacterial properties, in vitro coagulation properties, waterproof properties, breathable properties and mechanical properties were summarized. The application of new dressings based on chitosan in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer, burn wound, inferior vena cava injury and endoscopic sinus surgery was summarized in detail. Finally, based on some problems existing in the new dressings based on chitosan (for example, the preparation process is greatly affected by the external environment conditions, some working mechanism of chitosan is still in the preliminary stage), the future development of the new dressings and their application are prospected.

In the 100 years since the birth of modern polymer science, polymer chemistry, polymer physics and polymer processing have developed rapidly and formed a more complete body of discipline. As an important part of polymer physics, polymer crystallography focuses on the microscopic crystallization process and reveals the unique behavior of polymer chains. Polymer crystals can be divided into single crystals and polycrystals according to the number of nuclei in an independence structure. Among them, polymer single crystals have closely arranged molecular chains and exhibit perfect geometrical symmetry in macroscopic morphology, with excellent mechanical and optoelectronic properties. However, due to the complexity of molecular chain movement, the formation of polymer single crystals is still very difficult. For decades, a large number of scientists have devoted themselves to the study of polymer single crystals and obtained abundant results. In this paper, we focus on the history and progress of polymer single crystal research, and carefully discuss the crystallization strategies of polymer single crystals and their functionalization applications, hoping to provide effective help to relevant researchers.

The liquid-liquid phase separation of biological macromolecules is widely observed in various biological systems, and has become an emerging research focus of life science in recent years. Biological macromolecules are continuously enriched through multivalent interaction. When the molecular concentration reaches the dissolution threshold in solution, they will be precipitated from solution in the form of liquid-liquid phase separation. It is closely related to many important biological processes in cells (such as the formation of membraneless organelles). With the deepening of research on phase separation, its research methods are also developing and improving. Based on the principle and characteristics of phase separation, this paper introduces some commonly used research methods of phase separation. It provides the method basis for the subsequent phase separation research and promotes the further development of phase separation techniques and methods.

The research of high-performance electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials (WAM) is of great significance to enhance the stealth performance of weapons and equipment and solve the electromagnetic pollution problem. Silicon carbide (SiC) materials have good resistance to high temperature, corrosion and chemical stability, and show good application prospects in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption. However, the intrinsic properties of SiC materials are weak, and how to improve their wave-absorbing properties is an important research topic. Based on the electromagnetic wave-absorbing mechanism of SiC materials, firstly, the research status of SiC-based WAM with different morphologies (core-shell structure, aerogel structure, fibrous structure, hollow structure, MOFs structure, etc.) is analyzed and summarized. In addition, the research progress of composites of SiC with silicon carbide fibres, carbon materials and magnetic substances in the field of wave absorption is introduced in detail. The development status of special types of SiC-based WAM (SiC-based high-temperature WAM, SiC-based wave absorbing metamaterials, and SiC-based multifunctional WAM) is also reviewed. Finally, the future development direction of SiC-based WAM is prospected.

The development of innovative catalysts for various electrochemical scenarios is crucial in satisfying the growing demands for sustainable energy and environmental conservation. Conductive metal-organic frameworks (c-MOFs) based on phthalocyanine complexes known as phthalocyanine-based c-MOFs, have shown promising potential in electrochemical energy conversion and environmental research. These c-MOFs represent a new category of layer-stacked porous MOFs with in-plane extended π-conjugation structure, which can enhance electrocatalytic activity by facilitating the mass diffusion of reactants and electron/charge transfer. The exceptional promising for a variety electrocatalytic reactions, such as water, oxygen, CO₂, and nitrogen conversion. In this work, we focus primarily on phthalocyanine-based c-MOFs rather than other types of c-MOFs, providing a comprehensive overview of their conductive mechanisms and main electrocatalytic reactions. We also cover recent progress in the utilization of phthalocyanine-based c-MOFs as heterogeneous catalysts in electrocatalysis. Furthermore, we explore the challenges related to the utilization of phthalocyanine-based c-MOFs in electrocatalysis. The state-of-the-art research and insights into the future perspectives of phthalocyanine-based c-MOFs as electrocatalysts are also presented and discussed. This work aim to guide the development of phthalocyanine-based c-MOF electrocatalysts with enhanced activity.

The regulation of electrolytes for the lithium-metal battery is of great significance in suppressing the growth of lithium dendrites. The traditional approaches mainly rely on empirical intuition and experimental trial and error, but less on computational simulation methods for high-throughput screen electrolyte formulations. Theoretical calculation and computational simulation can establish the relationship between the microscopic characteristics and macroscopic properties of electrolytes, guide electrolyte design, and predict electrolyte performance at the atomic scale, which play an indispensable role in the field of electrolyte research. This review aims to summarize the relevant progress of lithium-metal battery electrolytes in theoretical calculation and computational simulation. Firstly, the basic principles and calculating methods of quantum chemical calculation and molecular dynamics simulation for electrolyte research are introduced. Secondly, the application of the two simulation methods in the study involving the static chemical properties of electrolyte components, microstructure and properties of bulk electrolyte and electrode electrolyte interface are summarized, including binding energy in coordination complex, oxidation-reduction stability, electrostatic potential of electrolyte components, solvation structure, ionic conductivity, dielectric constant of bulk electrolyte, microstructure, properties and chemical reactions at the electrode electrolyte interface. Finally, the challenges and the way forward faced by theoretical calculation and computational simulation are discussed, providing new research ideas for the computational simulation of lithium-metal battery electrolytes.

One of the most promising candidates for large-scale energy storage applications is the solid-state sodium ion battery, which replaces conventional organic liquid electrolytes with solid electrolytes and has the advantages of high safety, high energy density, and extended cycle life. Among many solid electrolyte materials, Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based polymer solid electrolytes are considered promising solid electrolyte materials because of their high safety, easy manufacturing, low cost, high energy density, favorable electrochemical stability, and excellent solubility in sodium salts. However, the high crystallinity of the ethylene oxide (EO) chain segment results in low ionic conductivity at room temperature, which is unable to meet the requirements of practical application. To overcome the aforementioned limitations, researchers have used a variety of strategies to lessen the crystallinity of PEO-based polymer electrolyte and hence increase its ionic conductivity. Common techniques include polymer block copolymerization, blending, crosslinking, adding plasticizers, and adding inorganic fillers. In the review, the physical and chemical properties, preparation methods, and modification techniques of PEO-based polymer electrolytes are evaluated, and the most recent advancements on PEO-based polymer electrolytes are reviewed.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as a new class of crystalline porous materials are assembled by appropriate building blocks through covalent bonds. COFs have been utilized in many fields such as storage and separation of gases, catalysis, proton conduction, energy storage, optoelectronics, sensing and biomedicine due to their regular channels, high thermal stability, high crystallinity and adjustable structure. In recent years, tetraphenylethylene-based covalent organic frameworks (TPE-based COFs) have attracted much attention due to their obvious aggregation induced luminescence effect, simple synthesis and easy functionalization. In this paper, the construction units, topological structures, synthesis strategies and application progress of TPE-based COFs in different fields are briefly reviewed. Finally, the development prospects and possible challenges of TPE-based COFs are pointed out.

In recent years, the discovery of new drugs driven by advanced artificial intelligence (AI) has attracted much attention. Advanced artificial intelligence algorithms (machine learning and deep learning) have been gradually applied in various scenarios of new drug discovery, such as representation learning task (molecular descriptor), prediction task (drug target binding affinity prediction, crystal structure prediction and molecular basic properties prediction) and generation task (molecular conformation generation and drug molecular generation). This technology can significantly reduce the cost and time of new drug development, improve the efficiency of drug development, and reduce the costs and risks associated with preclinical and clinical trials. This review summarizes the application of advanced artificial intelligence technology in new drug discovery in recent years, to help understand the research progress and future development trend in this field, and to facilitate the discovery of innovative drugs.

In recent years, with the improvement of the air quality in China, traditional pollutants such as NO_x and SO₂ have been effectively controlled. The emission control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has gradually become a key to further alleviating the regional composite air pollution so far. Catalytic oxidation is one of the most promising VOCs emission reduction technologies due to its high treatment efficiency, low energy consumption, and wide applicability. The development of high-performance catalysts is crucial for this technology. The design and structural regulation of catalysts associated with mechanism study is currently a research hotspot. This paper first outlines the catalytic oxidation mechanism of VOCs. Secondly, the research progress on the structural regulation of non-noble metal catalysts is reviewed from the perspectives of single transition metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, composite metal oxides, and interface structure regulation. Based on the dispersion state, the size effect and support effect of noble metal nanoparticles/clusters in noble metal catalysts are summarized. The regulation strategies based on the metal-support interaction for the emerging single-atom catalysts are also discussed. Finally, this paper provides a summary and prospects for future research trends. We believe that based on deeply clarifying the structure-activity relationship, developing simple and refined structure regulation methods of catalysts and adapting to actual operating conditions and industrial scale-up is the focus of future research.

Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymer (BCP) has been identified as the potential strategy for the next-generation semiconductor manufacturing. The typical representative of the first generation (G1) of block copolymer for nanolithography is polystyrene-block-polymethylmethacrylate (PS-b-PMMA). DSA of PS-b-PMMA enables limited half pitch (0.5L₀) of 11 nm due to the low Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ). The second generation (G2) of BCP is developed with the feature of high χ. Solvent anneal or top-coat is employed for the G2 BCP to form the perpendicular lamellae orientation. Towards industry friendly thermal anneal, high χ BCP with equal surface energy (γ) is reported as the third generation (G3) BCP. Recently, based on Materials Genome Initiative (MGI) concept, optimized design of block copolymers with covarying properties (G4) for nanolithography is presented to meet specific application criteria. G4 BCP achieves not only high χ and equal γ, but also high throughput synthesis, 4~10 nm half pitch patterns, and controlled segregation strength. This review focuses on the advanced design of G3 and G4 BCP for nanolithography. Moreover, the challenges and opportunities are discussed for the further development of DSA of BCP.