1 引言
表1 新型二维材料的特点和应用[15⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~21]Table 1 Characteristics and applications of two-dimensional materials[15⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~21] |
2D Materials | Structural characteristics | Physical characteristics | Potential application | ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Borophene | Structural diversity More stable after hydrogenation | Dirac cones Larger Young’s modulus Superconductivity | Energy storage Nanoscale gas sensor Biomedical applications | 15 |
Silicene | Low buckled geometry | Dirac cones High Fermi velocity and carrier mobility Spin-orbit coupling Ambipolar Dirac charge transport | Field effect transistor Spintronic devices | 16 |
Germanene | Low buckled geometry | Resistance to atmospheric oxidation | Energy storage and catalysis | 17 |
Phosphorene | Vertically skewed/wrinkled honeycomb structure | Semiconductor with a predicted direct bandgap Layer dependent photoluminescence Superior mechanical flexibility | Phosphorene-based devices | 18,19 |
Hexagonal boron nitride | Hexagonal structure | Electrical insulation Excellent thermal conductivity | Substrates and gate dielectrics for 2D electronics applications Super-capacitor | 20 |
Transition metal dihalides | Containing triangular and honeycomb transition metal nets | High temperature paramagnetic behavior | Kitaev spin liquid | 21 |
2 硼烯的特性
2.1 电学性质
2.2 光学性质
2.3 力学性质
2.4 磁学性质
3 硼烯的制备
3.1 衬底表面上合成硼烯
图1 γ-B28硼烯的示意图及物理特性表征:(a)γ-B28硼烯的制备与结构示意图;(b)AFM图像;(c)FFT图像;(d)紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱;(e)室温光致发光(PL)光谱[61]Fig. 1 Schematic diagram and physical characterization of γ-B28 borophene: (a) Schematic diagram of preparation and structure of γ-B28 borophene; (b) AFM images; (c) FFT images; (d) Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectrum; (e) Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectrum[61]. Copyright 2015 John Wiley and Sons |
图3 云母衬底上硼烯的晶体结构:(a)硼烯和云母的原子结构图;(b)α′-2H硼烯的结构;(c)硼烯的AFM图像;(d)硼烯的HRTEM图像;(e)硼烯的TEM图像。插图为相应的SAED图像[80]Fig. 3 Crystal structure of borophene on mica substrates: (a) Atomic structure diagram of borophene and mica; (b) Structure of α′-2H borophene; (c) AFM image of borophene; (d) HRTEM image of borophene; (e) TEM image of borophene. Corresponding SAED images are shown as insets[80]. Copyright 2021 ACS Publications |
3.2 无衬底合成硼烯
图4 在DMF(a, b)和IPA(c, d)中进行尖端超声处理4 h后,分别在5000 r/min下离心30 min,所制备的少层B纳米片的典型TEM图像。(a)、(c)和(d)的插图显示了所选区域相应的FFT模式[81]Fig. 4 Typical TEM images of few-layer B nanosheets prepared by 4 h tip ultrasonication in DMF (a, b) and IPA (c, d), followed by centrifugation at 5000 r/min for 30 min. The insets in (a), (c), and (d) display the corresponding FFT patterns of the selected regions[81].Copyright 2018 ACS Publications |
图5 原位热分解合成αʹ-4H-硼烯:(a)SEM图像;(b)扫描电镜测得的80张纳米片横向尺寸统计数据;(c)AFM图像;(d)低分辨率TEM图像;(e)HRTEM图像和相应的SAED图像;(f)对(e)中红色矩形区域提取的FFT模式进行重构后的HRTEM图像[83]Fig. 5 Synthesis of αʹ-4H-borophene by in-situ thermal decomposition: (a) SEM image; (b) Statistical data of lateral dimensions of 80 nanosheets measured by SEM; (c) AFM image; (d) Low-resolution TEM image; (e) HRTEM image and corresponding SAED pattern; (f) Reconstructed HRTEM image of the FFT pattern extracted from the red rectangular region in (e)[83]. Copyright 2020 John Wiley and Sons |
图6 硼烯-石墨烯异质结构的形貌和结晶度:(a~c)少层石墨烯、硼烯和硼烯-石墨烯异质结构的SEM图像;(d)典型异质结构的低分辨率TEM图像;(e)硼烯的低分辨率TEM图像;(f)从(e)中绿色矩形区域提取的HRTEM图像。插图为从计算模型中提取的相应SAED图像和HRTEM图;(g~i)异质结构的STEM-HAADF-EDS元素映射[85]Fig. 6 Morphology and crystallinity of borophene-graphene heterostructures: (a~c) SEM images of few-layer graphene, borophene, and borophene-graphene heterostructure; (d) Low-resolution TEM image of a typical borophene-graphene heterostructure; (e) Low-resolution TEM image of borophene; (f) HRTEM image extracted from the green rectangular region in (e). Insets show the corresponding SAED patterns and HRTEM images obtained from computational models; (g~i) STEM-HAADF-EDS elemental mapping of the borophene-graphene heterostructure[85]. Copyright 2020 Springer Nature |
4 硼烯在传感器领域的应用
4.1 硼烯气体传感器
图7 (a~e)硼烯表面气体吸附(CO、NO、CO2、NO2、NH3)的电荷密度差图。红色表面表示电子获得,蓝色表面表示电子损失;(f)零偏压传输原始硼烯和硼烯+气体系统;(g)硼烯单层随不同吸附气体分子变化的I-V特性曲线[86]Fig. 7 (a~e) Charge density difference maps of gas adsorption (CO, NO, CO2, NO2, NH3) on the surface of borophene. Red surfaces indicate electron gain, while blue surfaces indicate electron loss; (f) Zero-bias transmission of pristine borophene and borophene+gas system; (g) I-V characteristics of monolayer borophene with different adsorbed gas molecules[86].Copyright 2017 ACS Publications |
4.2 硼烯压力传感器
4.3 硼烯异质结构湿度传感器
图10 硼烯-石墨烯异质结构湿度传感器:(a)基于硼烯-石墨烯异质结的传感器示意图;(b)不同相对湿度下异质结构传感器的湿度传感行为;(c)暴露于不同相对湿度下的异质结构传感器的灵敏度;(d)异质结构传感器在85% RH下的响应和恢复曲线;(e)PET衬底上弯曲异质结构传感器的示意图;(f)无弯曲应变和有弯曲应变时传感器的响应曲线[85]Fig. 10 Borophene-graphene heterostructure humidity sensor: (a) Schematic representation of the sensor based on borophene-graphene heterostructure; (b) Humidity sensing behavior of the heterostructure sensor at different relative humidities; (c) Sensitivity of the heterostructure sensor exposed to different relative humidities; (d) Response and recovery curves of the heterostructure sensor under 85% RH; (e) Schematic diagram of the bent heterostructure sensor on a PET substrate; (f) Response curves of the sensor with and without applied bending strain[85]. Copyright 2020 Springer Nature |
图11 硼烯-BC2N异质结构湿度传感器:(a)不同相对湿度下传感器的实时响应;(b)不同相对湿度下的长效响应;(c)指尖接近不同距离时传感器的实时电流曲线[97]Fig. 11 Borophene-BC2N heterostructure humidity sensor: (a) Real-time response of the sensor at different humidity levels; (b) Long-term response of the sensor at different humidity levels; (c) Real-time current curve of the sensor as the fingertip approaches at different distances[97]. Copyright 2023 RSC Society of Chemistry |
表3 典型二维材料电阻式湿度传感器的性能对比[85,97⇓⇓⇓~101]Table 3 Humidity sensing performances of some typical two- dimensional material resistive humidity sensors[85,97⇓⇓⇓~101] |
Material | Sensitivity (%) | Response (s) / Recovery (s) | RH range (%) | ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Graphene | 0.3 | 0.6/0.4 | 1~96 | 98 |
rGO | 20.4 | 180/Irreversible | 10~100 | 99 |
Black phosphorus | 521 | 101/26 | 11~97 | 100 |
MoS2 | 2327 | 140/80 | 17.2~89.5 | 101 |
α'-4H-Borophene | 150 | 2.3/0.7 | 67~85 | 85 |
Borophene-graphene | 4200 | 10.5/8.3 | 0~85 | 85 |
Borophene-BC2N | 22 001 | 11.82/1.41 | 11~97 | 97 |