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Progress in Chemistry 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (7): 1040-1052 DOI: 10.7536/PC221126 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Source and Environmental Characteristics of Hexachlorobutadiene

Chenyan Zhao1,2,3, Yuxiang Sun1,2,3, Lili Yang1,3, Minghui Zheng1,2,3, Shuting Liu1,3, Guorui Liu1,2,3()   

  1. 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100085,China
    2 School of Environment,Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study,UCAS,Hangzhou 310024,China
    3 College of Resources and Environment,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: * e-mail: grliu@rcees.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0605); National Natural Science Foundation of China(92143201); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22076201); CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team(JCTD-2019-03)
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Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) is a new persistent organic pollutant (POPs) added into the Stockholm Convention on POPs since 2015. HCBD has attracted worldwide attention due to its persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential for long-range transport, with potential adverse effects on humans and biota. However, the knowledge about the source, environmental characteristics, control techniques and strategies are still very lacking. The levels of HCBD in environmental and biological samples are summarized and analyzed in this review. The control process, potential emission sources and emission amount of HCBD are reviewed. The formation mechanism of hexachlorobutadiene, the degradation process in natural environment, and the related emission reduction strategies and control technologies are discussed. This paper can provide important reference for controlling the emission of HCBD, reducing their environmental level, and reducing human exposure.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Environmental occurrence of HCBD

2.1 Atmosphere

2.2 Water

2.3 Soil

2.4 Organisms

3 Emission sources in China

3.1 Chemical production source

3.2 Waste incineration and landfill sources

4 Natural degradation

5 Control measures of HCBD at home and abroad

6 Corelation and synergistic emission reduction of HCBD and other POPs

6.1 Synergistic emission reduction

6.2 Emission reduction measures

7 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: hexachlorobutadiene, stockholm convention, persistent organic pollutants, pollution characteristics
Table 1 The main physical and chemical properties of HCBD
English Name hexachlorobutadiene
CAS number 87-68-3
Physical state Liquid
Boiling Point 215℃
Melting Point -21℃
Density 1.68 g·cm-3 (20℃)
Vapor pressure 20 Pa (20℃)
Water solubility 3.2 mg·L-1 (25℃)
Henry's law constant 1044 Pa·m3·mol-1
(experimental)
log Kow 4.78
Fig.1 The chemical structure of HCBD (a) and the valence electron density (b)
Table 2 Concentrations of hexachlorobutadiene in atmosphere in different areas
Time Location Country Concentration
(μg/m3)		 ref
2010 Fongshan Stream, Taiwan China Mean: 225.844
Max: 844		 28
2010 Fongshan Stream, Taiwan China Mean:334.472 28
2010 Fongshan Stream, Taiwan China n.d. - 716.517 28
2010 Chengde, Hebei China 4. 88 ± 4. 67 29
2010 Chongqing China < 0.05 29
2010 Qinghai Lake China < 0.05 29
2011 Qushui, Tibetan China 0. 89 ± 0. 39 29
2011 Changdao, Shandong China 0. 32 ± 0. 32 29
2011 Wuyi Mountain China 0. 11 ± 0. 11 29
2011 Shennongjia China 1. 23 ± 0. 80 29
2011 Qingyuan, Liaoning China < 0.05 29
2011 Greater Khingan Mountains China < 0.05 29
2016 Shanghai China 0.06 26
2017 Jiangsu China < 2.23 ng/m3 22
2018 Chongqing China < 2.23 ng/m3 22
2018 Barcelona Spain 0.21 23
2018 PCE plant
(Acetylene method)		 China 1170 30
2018 PCE plant (Carbon
tetrachloride method)		 China 5530 30
2018 PCE plant (Downwind) China 305 30
2017~2018 Mountain Tai China 0.33 27
2017~2018 Jinan, Shandong China 0.36 27
2017~2018 Taian, Shandong China 0.38 27
Table 3 Concentrations of hexachlorobutadiene in different water bodies
Time Location Type Concentration
(μg/L)		 ref
2002 Greece Industrial wastewater n.d. - 0.70 47
2010 Basel, Switzerland surface water < 0.05 48
2010 Spain Industrial wastewater 0.0083~0.11 49
2011 China surface water
and groundwater		 0.08~0.37 38
2011 Saudi Arabia surface water 0.46~0.81 39
2011 Southern Poland Landfill leachate 0.008~0.064 50
2012 Huai River, China surface water 0.93
RQa: 7.75		 37
2012 Dongxiang River
Basin of China		 groundwater n.d. - 349.02 47
2013 China’s five
major river basins		 surface water
and groundwater		 0.10~ 1.23
Mean:0.61		 37
2013 Korea surface water 0.029~0.067 40
2013 Yellow River,China surface water 1.23
RQmax: 10.3
RQmean: 5.29		 37
2013 Liaohe River, China surface water 0.76
RQmax: 6.33
RQmean: 5.33		 37
2016 Gran Canaria, Spain surface water 0.8 ×10-3 41
2016 Portugal sediment n.d. - 11.1 46
2016 Zhejiang,China surface water 0.4 51
2017 Dianshan Lake, Shanghai surface water 0.109 33
Table 4 Concentrations of hexachlorobutadiene detected in organisms in different areas
Species Concentration Location Type Time ref
Herbivorous insects 1.3~8.2 Eastern China Terrestrial life 2014 15
Earthworm 1.3~8.2 Eastern China Terrestrial life 2014 8
Chinese toad 1.3~8.2 Eastern China Terrestrial life 2014 8
Insects and birds 1.65~3.80 Southwest China Terrestrial life 2015 8
Knotweed 0.03~24.6 Southwest China Plant 2015 54
Fish 0.6×10-4~
1.29×10-3		 South China Aquatic life 2021 60
Fish 0.17~0.64 ng·
g-1·lw		 North pole Aquatic life 2012 61
Fish n.d. - 0.012
ng·g-1·ww		 Pearl River Estuary, China Aquatic life 2012 2
Fish 112.8~827.3 Mississippi River Aquatic life 1976 62
Fish 2.7±0.59
ng/g ww		 Mexico Aquatic life 2018~2019 63
Fig.2 Three formation pathways of hexachlorobutadiene from several hydrocarbons synthesized from the results of researches by Heindl and Hutzinge[73], Sherry et al.[74], Tirey et al.[75], Wehrmeier et al.[76], summarized by Zhang[36].
Fig.3 The formation mechanism of HCBD during acetylene combustion
Fig.4 Timeline of international control process of hexachlorobutadiene
Table 5 Management and control of hexachlorobutadiene in China
Year Standard name Limits Of HCBD
1997 Water quality-Determination of volatile halogenated organic compounds-Headspace gas (GB/T 17130 - 1997) The minimum detection limit is 0.00002 mg/L[90]
2002 Environmental quality standards for surface water (GB 3838 - 2002) 0.0006 mg/L[91]
2007 Standard of Soil Quality Assessment for Exhibition Sites (HJ 350 - 2007) 1 μg/g
2007 Standards for drinking water quality (GB5749 - 2006) 0.0006 mg/L[92]
2014 Water quality-Determination of volatile organic compounds Purge and trap/gas chromatography The minimum detection limit is 0.1 mg/L[93]
2015 Emission standard of pollutants for petroleum chemistry industry (GB 31571 - 2015) 0.006 mg/L[94]
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