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Progress in Chemistry 2022, Vol. 34 Issue (10): 2316-2328 DOI: 10.7536/PC211220 Previous Articles   

• Review •

Preparation of Mesoporous Carbon Materials via Emulsion Method

Zhao Xiaoxi, Wang Cong, Tian Yong(), Wang Xiufang()   

  1. College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University,Guangzhou 510006, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Tian Yong, Wang Xiufang
  • Supported by:
    Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2022A1515011225); Key Project for Innovation/ Enhancing Guangdong Pharmaceutical University(2020ZDZX2023)
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Mesoporous carbons with unique features, such as high specific surface area, regular pore channels, homogeneous nano-framework, and tunable pore size, stand out from carbonaceous materials and are applied in a wide range of fields, including energy storage and conversion, catalyst, adsorption as well as drug delivery. Microemulsion method is characterized by simple preparation process, environmental friendliness, feasibility for large-scale production, and controllable product structure, which has made a breakthrough in preparation of mesoporous carbon with controllable pore structure and special morphology. Herein, the research progress of microemulsion preparation of mesoporous carbon is reviewed and the reaction mechanisms are analyzed. Besides, influencing factors controlling the pore morphology and internal structure of mesoporous carbon materials are further investigated. Finally, applications of novel mesoporous carbon materials in the fields of energy storage, catalyst, adsorption and drug delivery are summarized, and the future development prospects are put forward.

Key words: mesoporous carbon, micro-emulsion, controllable structure, varied morphology
Fig. 1 The development of mesoporous carbon[10,14,15,23,27,28]
Table 1 Technology comparison for mesoporous carbon nanoparticles prepared by microemulsion methods
Researcher Method Advantage and disadvantage Morphology Application ref
Liu J, et al. emulsion co-assembly extra etching progress hollow electro-catalysis 36
Wang, et al. dual-templating emulsion strict hydrothermal process hollow catalytic 37
Liu X, et al. emulsion templating coupled with hydrothermal carbonization nontoxic and sustainable raw material, but strict condition hollow/bowl energy storage 38
Guan B, et al. emulsion-induced interface anisotropic assembly strict hydrothermal condition (autoclave) bowl-like electro-catalysis 27
Liu J, et al. dual soft-templated congenerous assembly mild conditions and one-step synthesis raspberry-shaped drug delivery 40
Chen C, et al. solvent-induced buckling biomass raw material, but complex post-treating hollow/bowls catalytic 43
Chen C, et al. synergetic interactions of template and biomass biomass raw material and common approach flasklike energy storage 19
Zhao Y, et al. swelling double penetration various morphologies and internal structures rambutan-like drug delivery 44
Zhuo S, et al. self-emulsification green synthesis but fragile shell hollow drug delivery 102
Peng L, et al. shear-induced dynamic assembly precise controllable pore size mutli-shell energy storage 61
Lu A, et al. surface free energy-induced assembly enlarged internal-cavity multicavity catalytic 76
Peng L, et al. nanoemulsion assembly ultralarge pore size dendritic electro-catalysis 60
Fig. 2 (a) Schematic illustration of the construction of bowl-like mesoporous carbon nanoparticles; (b~d) SEM images of mesoporous nanoparticles under different TMB content[27]. Copyright? 2016, American Chemical Society
Fig. 3 (a) Electron microscopic images of HOCFs generated at different hydrothermal times; (b) Schematic growth mechanism of the HOCFs[19]; Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (c) TEM images and nitrogen sorption isotherms of mesoporous carbon @silicon nanoparticles synthesized with different ethanol concentrations[44]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier
Fig. 4 (a) fabrication procedure of the desired hole-shell microparticles from W/O/W emulsions[51]; Copyright 2017, Wiley. (b) microfluidic production of mesoporous carbon spheres[53]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier
Fig. 5 (a) Schematic illustration of the formation process for the carbon nanospheres with various morphology[60]; Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (b) Schematic illustration of the formation process and (c) TEM images of the gradient-pore mesoporous carbon nanospheres[61]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier
Fig. 6 (a) Schematic representation and electron microscopy images of mesophase transition of polydopamine particles[74]; Copyright 2018, Wiley. (b) schematic illustration of the construction mechanisms of anisotropic polymeric particles[28]. Copyright 2021, Wiley
Fig. 7 (a) schematic diagram of synthesis of multi-chamber mesoporous carbon nanospheres[76]; Copyright 2017, Wiley. the interior structural evolution of MCMs as a function of (b) base concentration, and (c) temperature and amount of phenol[77]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society
Fig. 8 (a) synthesis diagram and electron microscope image of PtCo@HPS[37];Copyright 2014, Nature.(b) dendritic Au/RA-MC catalyst was used for the hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol[85]; Copyright 2020, Wiley
Fig. 9 (a) Confocal microscopy images of HaCaT cells co-cultured with raspberry-like mesoporous carbon[40]; Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (b) schematic diagram of hemolysis experiment of MC@MS and cell uptake experimental result[44]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier
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