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Progress in Chemistry 2021, Vol. 33 Issue (6): 958-974 DOI: 10.7536/PC200685 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Fabrication and Application of Metal-Based Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surface

Jinkai Xu*(), Qianqian Cai, Zhanjiang Yu, Zhongxu Lian, Jiwen Tian, Huadong Yu   

  1. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Jinkai Xu
  • About author:
    * Corresponding author e-mail:
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(U19A20103); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M661184); Jilin Province Scientific and Technological Development Program(Z20190101005JH)
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Metal is an essential material foundation on which human society depends on survival and development. It is a supporting material that constitutes a modern civilized society. Increasing the unique properties of metal materials and expanding the scope of application of metal materials has become a hotspot in the cross-study of natural sciences. Inspired by nature, the researchers have investigated the ultra-slip behaviour of the pitcher plant of nepenthes, injecting low surface energy lubricating liquid into the micro/nano structure substrate, forming a solid-liquid composite structure, and prepared a slippery liquid-infused porous surface(SLIPS) with special wettability. SLIPS has excellent self-healing, anti-icing, anti-fouling, anti-corrosion, anti-bioadhesion and self-cleaning properties. The method designs and constructs a SLIPS on a metal substrate and realizes its surface versatility, thereby providing the possibility for it to achieve a wider range of applications in the fields of marine anti-fouling, biomedical, aerospace, refrigeration, and industrial production. This article is divided into four parts to review the research progress of metal-based SLIPS manufacturing and its application, and summarize the design principle, preparation process, application of metal-based SLIPS, and future development trends and challenges.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Design principle of SLIPS

3 Preparation process of metal-based SLIPS

3.1 Hydrothermal method

3.2 Chemical vapor deposition

3.3 Electrochemical

3.4 Electrodeposition

3.5 Spraying

3.6 Chemical etching

4 Application of metal-based SLIPS

4.1 Self-healing

4.2 Anti-icing

4.3 Anti-corrosion

4.4 Anti-fouling

4.5 Anti-bioadhesion

4.6 Self-cleaning

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: metal materials, nepenthes, micro/nano structure, lubricating fluid, SLIPS, multi-function
Fig.1 Morphology of pitcher and its inner surface[95].(Copyright 2004 The National Academy of Sciences of the USA)
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of SLIPS production[71].(Copyright 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited)
Fig.3 Liquid-infused surfaces.(a) Different wettable configurations for a four-phase system(air, liquid-1, liquid-2, solid). Red inset represents possible wetting states near the droplet-lubricant interface. Here, the droplet can completely wet the surface(top), partially wets the surface(middle), or has no interactions with the surface due to a completely lubricated structure(bottom). Similarly, the black inset represents the wetting of the lubricant on a surface in the presence of a gas layer. Here, the surface can lack any lubricant(top), be partially wetted(middle), or be fully impregnated(bottom) by the lubricant[100].(Copyright 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry)(b) Sketch illustrating the derivation of the closed form expression for LIS[101].(Copyright 2016 The Royal Society of Chemistry)(c) Direct observations of liquid-infused surfaces with different droplet-lubricant configurations. Cloaking of the droplet with fluorocarbon lubricant(top) and uncloaked droplet with hydrocarbon(middle) or ionic(bottom) lubricants[102].(d) Observations of receding angles(top) and advancing angles(bottom) on FC70-impregnated micropillars[102].(Copyright 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry)
Fig.4 Schematic diagram of various preparation methods of SLIPS[71]. (Copyright 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited)
Table 1 Innovative techniques applied to surface processing of metal materials
Technique Advantage/disadvantage Material CA CAH SA ref
Hydrothermal Coating structure is dense/poor conditions, not suitable for large-scale production preparation Zinc 119° - - 125
Aluminum foil - - 3° 126
AZ31B alloy 123.1° 2.7° - 127
Electrochemical deposition Fast, large scale, low cost, easy to control, low energy consumption /weak substrate binding, heavy metal pollution, and harsh conditions Low-alloy steel - - - 128
1020 carbon steel 120° - - 129
Mild steel (122.8±3.1)° 8° - 130
Chemical etching Simple equipment, easy operation/pollution of the environment, high cost of waste liquid treatment Steel 105° - - 131
Bearing steel GCr15 115.6° - 2.27° 132
Stainless steel - - 2° 133
Electrochemical corrosion method Fast, large scale, easy to control/pollution of the environment, poor preparation environment Aluminum plate (105±5)° - 5° 134
Pure aluminum (116.2±3)° - - 135
Chemical vapor deposition Easy to control, uniform coating/the use of volatile substances is harmful to humans and pollutes the environment carbon steel (127.8±1)° - - 136
Anodic oxidation One-time film formation, strong adhesion, good wear resistance, low cost/environmental pollution, large brittleness, porous, difficult to process complex workpieces Aluminum plate 118° - 6° 137
Aluminum plate - - - 87
Fig.5 Schematic showing the fabrication of anticorrosion system with self-repairable slippery surface and active corrosion inhibition on PEO modified Mg alloy[142].(Copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V)
Fig.6 (a) Schematic illustration of the process combining galvanic corrosion, chemical vapor deposition and oil infusion to realize SLIPS. The SEM images of bare CuZn(b) and the surface deposit morphology evolution with the elongation of reaction time(c~f), in which the reaction time is (c) 0.5 h, (d) 2 h, (e) 4 h and (f) 8 h, respectively.(g) is the partial magnification of the deposit obtained with 8 h[147].(Copyright 2017 Elsevier Science SA)
Fig.7 (a~c) SEM morphologies of the electrochemical etched surface under different resolutions. (d)The static contact angle(CA) of pristine, chemically etched, FAS modified and lubricant infused surface(sorted from left to right)[152].(Copyright 2018 Applied Surface Science)
Fig.8 (a) Schematic illustration of the process combining electrodeposition, oxidation, chemical vapor deposition and oil infusion to realize SLIPS.(b~d) The SEM images of the material in different preparation stages, including(b) bare CuZn,(c, d) as-deposited Cu,(e, f) Cu(OH)2 obtained by oxidizing Cu in a mixed solution containing 0.1 M(NH4)2S2O4 and 2.5 M NaOH, and(g) further modification of Cu(OH)2 in dodecane thiol vapor[158].(Copyright 2018 Applied Surface Science)
Fig.9 (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of SLIPS. SEM images of the wrinkled and porous hollow tubular SiO2 with(b) low magnification and(c) high magnification,(d) TEM image of wrinkled and porous hollow SiO2 tubes(Inset: HRTEM image of micro porous structure). SEM images of the samples(e) etched Al alloy substrate,(f) the surface after spraying glue,(g) the cross section of the glue.(h) low magnification,(i) high magnification of the porous hollow SiO2 nanotubes after spraying on the substrate.(j) the cross section of the coating[163].(Copyright 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Fig.10 (a) Schematic illustration of the process of preparation of Al@ZnO super-slippery surface.(b) SEM image of etched Al substrate.(c) SEM image of the first layer of ZnO grown on the Al sheet. SEM images of the second layer of ZnO with(d) high magnification and(e) low magnification.(f) The cross section of the coating.(g) Digital image of different liquids on the Al@ZnO SLIPs[171].(Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V.)
Fig.11 Schematic diagram of special performances of SLIPS
Fig.12 (a) The camera photos of SLIPS damaged by knife and then self-healed after 2 h.(b) Bode-module plots and(c) Bode-phase plots of SLIPS, SHC, SSL and bare Fe.(d) Tafel plots of SLIPS and scratched SLIPS(SSL), self-healed coating(SHC) as well as bare Fe.(e) Corrosion current density of SLIPS, SSL, SHS and bare Fe calculated from Tafel plots.(f) The camera photos of SLIPS damaged by knife and immersed in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution for 2 h recovery[185].(Copyright 2018 Chemical Engineering Journal)
Fig.13 Still images extracted from the movies simulating ice formation by deep freezing(-10 ℃) in high-humidity condition(60% RH) and subsequent deicing by heating. The morphology of accumulated ice on SLIPS-Al is significantly different from that on bare Al. Condensation/freezing cycle: from room temperature to -10 ℃ at 5 ℃/min. Melting(defrost) cycle: from -10 to 25 ℃ at ~10 ℃/min. Ice still forms mostly around the edges of SLIPS-Al by bridging from the surrounding aluminum substrate, while it forms uniformly all over the aluminum substrate. The samples are mounted with 75° tilt angle, and the widths of the substrates are approximately 3 cm[189].(Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society)
Fig.14 The corrosion inhibition evaluation of SS(stainless steel) with the different coverage.(a~c) Bode diagrams of bare SS, Co(OH)2/SS, SHP SS(superhydrophobic stainless steel) and LIS SS(lubricant-infused surface stainless steel).(d) The Tafel polarization curves of SS with different coverage[194].(Copyright 2019 Published by Elsevier)
Fig.15 Schematic diagram of anti-fouling material mechanism[81].(Copyright 2020 the authors)
Fig.16 Mass gain per unit area of scale after 2 h immersion in calcium carbonate(CaCO3) scaling brine[198].(Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc.)
Fig.17 Adhesion of P. tricornutum observed by CLSM(-1) and biofilm thickness maps reconstructed by the COMSTAT program(-2) on activated stainless steel(a), SiO2 surfaces(b), fluorinated SiO2 surfaces(c) and liquid infused SiO2 surfaces(d).(e): Statistical analysis of P. tricornutum adhesion on the different surfaces compared to active stainless steel.(f) The Dupré work of adhesion ofP. tricornutum(Activated stainless steel as SSeOH, SiO2 surfaces as SSeSiO2, fluorinated SiO2 surfaces as SSeSiO2Fe, and liquid infused SiO2 surfaces as SS-SiO2-S)[202].(Copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V. )
Fig.18 Characterizations of bacteria(E. coli K-12) adhesion.(a~d) SEM and schematic(inset) images of the bacteria adhesion on electropolished Al(Flat), hydrophilic large pored(L-Po) AAO(anodic aluminum oxide), hydrophobic(i.e., with Teflon-coating) L-Po, and oil-impregnated L-Po, respectively. White scale bars in(a~d) indicate 5 μm.(e) Bacteria population(colony forming unit, CFU) measured with the four different surfaces. Asterisks in(e) indicate statistical significance( p<0.05) between indicated groups[204].(Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc.)
Fig.19 Self-cleaning test of base steel(a) and slippery surface(b) at a tilt angle of 15° with Fe3O4 solid particles as contaminant[208].(Copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V. )
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