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Progress in Chemistry 2020, Vol. 32 Issue (4): 406-416 DOI: 10.7536/PC190732 Previous Articles   Next Articles

The Bonding Strength and Stability Between Hydroxyapatite Coating and Titanium or Titanium Alloys

Qiaoxia Lin1, Meng Yin1, Yan Wei1, Jingjing Du1, Weiyi Chen1,2, Di Huang1,2,**()   

  1. 1. Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China;
    2. Institute of Applied Mechanics & Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China;
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Di Huang
  • Supported by:
    The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11632013, 11502158, 11802197, 11902214); the International Cooperation Project Foundation of Shanxi Province(201803D421060); the Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientist of Shanxi Province(201801D221439)
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Titanium (Ti) and Ti alloys have been the main clinical application materials for bone and dental implants due to their excellent mechanical properties and good biocompatibility. However, it is not easy to achieve rapid osseointegration with surrounding bone tissues because of the biological inertia of titanium materials. Therefore, the biological activity of implant surface is further required. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main inorganic component of human bones and teeth, which has good bioactivity and biocompatibility. But restricted by its own brittleness, HA is often used as a coating material to cover the surface of Ti substrates to improve the biological activity of implants. However, the problems of weak bonding strength between coating and substrate and poor mechanical stability of coating have been the main factors limiting the wide clinical applications of HA coated titanium implants. From the aspects of coating structure, composition and preparation method, the research status and development trend of improving the interface bonding strength between Ti substrate and HA coating at home and abroad are summarized, which could provide a reference for the preparation and application of high-performance titanium implants.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Structural design

2.1 Interface roughening

2.2 Interface nanocrystallization

2.3 Interface gradient design

3 Composition design

3.1 Inorganic ion addition

3.2 Metal and bioceramic addition

3.3 Other

4 Preparation

4.1 High-temperature preparation

4.2 Low-temperature preparation

4.3 Composite preparation

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: titanium implant, HA coating, bonding strength, stability
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of physical adsorption, chemical bonding, and mechanical interlocking[13]
Fig. 2 Schematic representation of the graded coating[34]
Fig. 3 Perspective view along the c-axis of the OH channel environment. Some of the possible substituting ions are reported. The two triangles join Ca(Ⅱ) ions at the same level along the c-axis[38]
Fig. 4 Schematic illustration of PVD magnetron sputtering for pure-HA and ion substituted-HA coatings[37]
Fig. 5 The schematic illustration of formation of calcium phosphate biominerals on the polypyrrole nanowires doped with polydopamine. (a, b) the polypyrrole nanowires deposited on the biomedical titanium through the simultaneous electrical polymerization of dopamine and pyrrole. (c, d) catechol moiety on the surface of conducting polypyrrole nanowires doped with polydopamine assists calcium phosphate crystal formation[56]
Fig. 6 A typical representation of strengthening and toughening by fibres (A, C) represent two views of crack in a body being perturbed by fibres, (B, D) represent the see-through image of the body presented in A and C, for a better understanding of the reinforcement effects[67]
Table 1 Different high-temperature preparation methods to form HA coating[13,37,68~73]
High-temperature preparation
methods		 Advantages Disadvantages
Plasma spraying High deposition rates; low cost; fast bone healing Poor adhesion; non-uniformity in coating density; increase in residual stress; low crytallite which accelerates the dissolution of the coating in the body
Thermal spraying High deposition rates; low cost Poor adhesion; non-uniformity in coating
density; easy to dissolve
Pulsed laser deposition High deposition rates; ability to produce high
crystalline HA coating		 Lack of uniformity; low purity
Sputter soating Uniform coating thickness on flat substrates; dense coating; homogenous coating; high adhesion Low deposition rates; costly; produces
amorphous coatings
High-velocity suspension flame
spraying (HVSFS)		 High deposition rates; low cost; homogenous and
dense coating; fairly thin coating		 Poor adhesion; easy to dissolve
Hot isostatic pressing Produce dense coatings; homogeneous structure;
high uniformity; high precision		 Can not to coat complex substrates; high cost
Table 2 Different low-temperature preparation methods to form HA coating[13,43,70,77~79]
Low-temperature preparation
methods		 Advantages Disadvantages
Sol-gel Low cost;can coat complex shapes; simple deposition method; high purity; fairly good adhesion; very thin and high purity coating Some processes require controlled atmosphere processing; expensive raw materials; hard to control the porosity
Dip coating Can coat complex substrates; high surface
uniformity; good speed of coating;		 Requires high sintering temperatures;
thermal expansion mismatch; crack appearance
Biomimetic mineralization Can coat complex substrates; able to incorporate
bone growth stimulating factors and to form
bonelike apatite		 Obliges replacement and a constant pH of
simulated body fluid; time consuming
Electrophoretic/
electrochemical deposition		 Can coat complex shapes; uniform coating thickness; rapid deposition rates; low cost; high degree of
control on coating morphology and thickness		 Poor adhesion; challenging to produce
coatings without crack; involves high
sintering temperatures
Vacuum cold spray Can avoid oxidation and phase transition problems
during spraying;		 Cannot be used to prepare pure HA
coatings with good adhesion to substrates
Fig. 7 Schematic diagram of laser-assisted cold spray system[88]
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