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Progress in Chemistry 2019, Vol. 31 Issue (7): 969-979 DOI: 10.7536/PC181109 Previous Articles   Next Articles

Polyelectrolyte-Based Draw Solution in Forward Osmosis

Saihui Zhan1,3,4,**(), Yue Wang2,3, Kaipeng Liu1,3,4, Jie Wang2,3   

  1. 1.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
    2.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
    3.State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
    4.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, Tianjin 300387, China
  • Received: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Saihui Zhan
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21104034); Scientific Research Project of Tianjin Education Commission(2017KJ078); State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes(Tianjin Polytechnic University)(Z2-2015062); Student’s Platform for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(201510058031)
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Polyelectrolyte-based draw solution(PBDS) exhibit high osmotic pressure, and low reverse solute leakage, which are highly demanded in forward osmosis process. Additionally, various separation methods such as nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and thermal treatment can be utilized for its recycle, rendering PBDS an ideal substitute for the traditional inorganic draw solution such as sodium chloride. In the past two decades, research works concerning PBDS have been intensively reported. Because PBDS has distinctive properties in comparison with inorganic draw solution, thus, it is necessary to review these developments in PBDS and present an outline. This paper aims to review the recent developments in PBDS in consideration of their chemical structures, which are categorized into carboxylate type, sulfonate type, amine type and amide type. In the beginning, the general considerations for an ideal PBDS are introduced. Subsequently, the molecular weight of the polyelectrolytes, the osmotic pressure and viscosity of the draw solutions, the water flux and reverse solute leakage in forward osmosis process are introduced in detail. The corresponding mechanisms of forward osmosis are also described. Finally, the characteristics, advantages and drawbacks of the PBDS are summarized, and the opportunities and challenges are discussed.

Key words: forward osmosis, draw solution, polyelectrolyte
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of forward osmosis
Fig. 2 Molecular structures of:(a) PAA-Na[34];(b) PAspNa[44]
Fig. 3 Molecular structures of:(a) PESA[48];(b) PIAM-Na[49]
Fig. 4 Molecular structure of:(a) PMAS;(b) P(IA-co-AA)[50]
Fig. 5 Molecular structures of:(a) PSSP[54];(b) PBET[58]
Fig. 6 Molecular structure of the:(a) PSS-co-MA[59];(b) PSS-co-AA[60]
Fig. 7 Molecular structure of PEI[67]
Fig. 8 Molecular structures of:(a) CASSs[68];(b) DTPMP-Na/TPHMP-Na[71];(c) PEI-600P/1800P -Na[71]
Fig. 9 Molecular structures of:(a) PNIPAM-SA(AA)[83, 85];(b) PSSS-PNIPAM[86]
Table 1 Properties of polyelectrolyte-based draw solution
Category
of the
polyelectrolytes		 Polyelectrolyte(Mw-Da) Concentration(g/mL) Osmotic pressure
or Osmolality
(bar or
mOsmol/kg)		 Viscosity(cP) Waterflux(LMH) Reverse solute
flux(gMH)		 Advantages Drawbacks ref
Carboxylate type PAA-Na(1800) 0.72 ~54 bar 127 ~19 ~1.2 Commercial available High viscosity 34
PAspNa(1313) 0.30 2150
mOsmol/kg		 4.4 31.8 - Non-toxic; - 44
PESA(400~1500) 0.20 1250
mOsmol/kg		 ~2.2 15.4 3.19 Degradable - 48
PIAM-Na(5919) 0.375 ~2000
mOsmol/kg		 ~32 34 - Low leakage High viscosity 49
PMAS(559) ~0.28 143 bar ~10 30.6 ~0.9 High osmotic
pressure		 High viscosity 50
P(IA-co-AA)
(533)		 ~0.267 ~57 bar ~30 27 0.68 Low leakage - 50
PAMAM-COONa(~2806) 0.333 3603
mOsmol/kg		 9.16 29.7 7.5 Low leakage High reverse solute flux 51
Sulfonate type PSS(70 000) 0.24 - ~19 18.2 ~5.5 High water flux High reverse solute flux 52
PSSP(4700) 0.20 ~15 bar 12.62 14.50 0.14 Thermo-sensitive - 54
PBET(18 000) 0.20 898
mOsmol/kg		 17.69 3.22 0.36 Thermo-sensitive Low water flux 58
PSS-co-MA-Na-1(20 000) 0.25 32.8±0.89 bar 5.89 15 0.04 Low leakage 59
PSS-co-AA
(96 308)		 0.18 ~23 bar 5.4 11.77 0.1 Low leakage 60
Amine type PEI(800) 0.05 125.7
mOsmol/kg		 0.62 ~1.2 0.01 Low leakage Low osmotic
presure at
high pH value		 66
PEI(1200) 0.05 88.3 mOsmol/kg 0.75 ~0.75 0.05 66
PEI(25 000) 0.10 ~7 bar 1.93 24 0.7~1.0 67
TTHP-4Na
(666.21)		 0.50 ~165 bar ~7 23.07 0.75 High osmotic
pressure		 - 68
TPHMP-Na 0.05 ~105 bar ~17 54 0.83 High water flux High viscosity 71
ETAC-starch 0.3 11.91 bar 118.0 4.1 1.62 Low reverse
flux		 Low water flux 72
Amide type PAM(3 000 000) 0.30 544
mOsmol/kg		 244.7 ~5 1.5 Stable water flux High viscosity 73
4%PNIPAM-SA 0.40 ~2 bar - 0.347 - Thermo-sensitive Low water flux 83
PNSA-10(3530) 0.38 7.2 bar 59.8 2.95 - Thermo-sensitive High viscosity 85
PSSS-PNIPAM
(3500)		 0.333 2137
mOsmol/kg		 68 4.0 2 Thermo-sensitive High viscosity 86
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