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Progress in Chemistry 2019, Vol. 31 Issue (5): 654-666 DOI: 10.7536/PC181032 Previous Articles   Next Articles

Methods for Studying the Age Determination of Fingermarks

Hongjuan Wang, Mi Shi, Lu Tian, Liang Zhao**(), Meiqin Zhang**()   

  1. Research Center for Bioengineering & Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laborotary of Bioengineering & Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • Received: Online: Published:
  • Contact: Liang Zhao, Meiqin Zhang
  • About author:
    ** E-mail: (Meiqin Zhang);
    (Liang Zhao)
  • Supported by:
    work was suported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21775011); work was suported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21727815); work was suported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21675011)
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Since the end of the 19th century, fingermark identification has always been one of the most useful evidences of individual identification for criminal investigation worldwide. However, up to now the age determination of a fingermark remains a relatively unexplored area. The physical features of the fingermark ridges and chemical compositions of the fingermark residues vary remarkably with different donor characteristics, substrate properties and environmental variables. Moreover, the physical ridge features, molecular species and content of the chemical components in fingermark change dramatically with different storage factors and aging kinetics. Studying the ridge physical features, the initial chemical compositions of fingermark residues and their relationship with the fingermark age is a crucial topic in the forensic science field, because it contributes not only to the development of new fingermark detection approaches and techniques, but also to the correlating identification of fingermarks found at crime scenes. This review discusses the previous achievements of fingermark dating methods and techniques such as liquid chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and high-resolution imaging, and the limits for the application of such approaches in practice. Besides, the challenges and perspectives of developing a potentially more reliable methodology for fingermark age determination are described.

Key words: forensic chemistry, fingermark composition, age determination, aging, influence factors
Table 1 Target compounds from sebaceous identified in fingermark residue and aging kinetics[15,16]
Target compounds Content Aging kinetics
Free fatty acids 37.6% The concentration of unsaturated fatty acids decreases with time, such as C16 and C18 acids; they are sensitive to light
Triglycerides 25% Decomposition mechanisms are particularly complex,thermal decomposition yields alkanes, alkenes, alkadienes, aromatics and carboxylic acids
Wax esters 21% Wax esters are saturated lipids, further research is required to explore their degradation products
Squalene 14.6% Squalene decreases rapidly over time,it decays more faster in ambient light conditions
Cholesterol 3.8% The concentration decreases over time, the rate of reduction is affected by the substrate
Fig. 1 Fingermark age-estimation procedure . A) Autofluorescence image of a fingermark illuminated with 365 nm light. B) Tryp and FOX fluorescence emission spectra. Blue line: excitation at 283 nm, red line: excitation at 365 nm. Shaded area: integrated area for FOXfl determination. C) Fit of reference fluorescence emission spectrum (lavender line) to the measured Tryp fluorescence emission spectrum (blue line) as shown in (B). D)?: Trypfl/FOXfl ratio of an aging fingermark, black line: fitted aging curve. Reprinted with permission from ref 49. Copyright 2014 Wiley.
Fig. 2 FTIRM spectra of skin, sebum, and sweat with their corresponding light micrographs. Scale bar: 20 μm. Reprinted with permission from ref 18. Copyright 2010 Wiley.
Fig. 3 Raman spectra from a freshly deposited fingermark(red) and after one month of aging(blue). Reprinted with permission from ref 53. Copyright 2017 Wiley.
Fig. 4 MALDI-MS analysis of standard oleic acid(OA). Reprinted with permission from ref 58. Copyright 2009 Wiley.
Fig. 5 (a) GC-MS/MS chromatograms of a 9-day-old transesterified fingermark extract;(b) The SQ/C15:0 ratio change dependence on time and light exposure in fingerprint samples of four different donors A, B, C, D(minor axis: 0-fresh fingerprint without exposure to light). Reprinted with permission from ref 59. Copyright 2017 Springer.
Fig. 6 (a) TOF-SIMS ion images of the fingerprint, showing the distribution of the C16H31O2- ion(palmitic acid) on top of a bare silicon wafer, the red rectangle shows the region of interest(150 pixels wide) that was used to obtain a portion of the linescans shown in part b;(b) the intensity of palmitic acid from the edge of the fingermark as a function of time. Reprinted with permission from ref 21. Copyright 2015 ACS.
Fig. 7 Different degradation outcomes of powder-developed fingermarks on different surfaces, light exposure, and secretion types over time. Reprinted with permission from ref 60. Copyright 2016 Wiley.
Table 2 Summary of age determination methods together with their advantages and disadvantages
Method Target Age
estimation		 Advantage Disadvantage ref
Fluorescence Tryp / FOX Three weeks Non-contact; partially solving variations in
composition between donors		 The oxidation process is very sensitive to
environmental factors such as temperature and light		 49
FTIR Aliphatic CH3,
aliphatic CH2, and
carbonyl ester		 Four weeks High spatial resolution; quantitative and
non-invasive; examining individual
fingerprint components separately		 No account for variations between genders 18
UV-Vis Eccrine, sebaceous Three days Reproducible; providing opportunity to
address the strong influence of different
sweat compositions on the aging behavior		 Fresh prints with a low aging speed as well as aged
prints are hard to distinguish		 52
RS Carotenoids, squalene,
unsaturated fatty
acids, proteins		 One month Non-destructive; providinglarger data sets
for future statistical analysis		 More data will be needed
to gain further insight into the different
decay mechanisms		 53
GC
/MS		 Relative peak areas of
squalene to cholesterol;PA(Wax esters) / [PA(cholesterol) +PA
(squalene)]		 One month Reproducible; reducing partly intra- and
inter-variability of fingermark composition		 The technique is destructive for the fingermarks 53
MALDI-MS Oleic acid(OA) Seven days Non-destructive; high resolution imaging No account for variations in more
environmental factors		 58
GC-MS/MS SQ/C15:0 Nine days Detecting two age different samples on
a glass surface from the same donor		 Initial component cannot be determined 59
TOF
-SIMS		 Palmitic acid Four days Detecting and identifing multiple
chemical species simultaneously; High
resolution and sensitivity		 Molecules can degrade or become oxidized upon
exposuring to various environmental factors		 21
High-
resolution imaging		 Minutiae count;
color contrast
between ridges and
furrows;discontinuity index;ridge width		 Six months Non-destructive; quantitative,
high resolution and sensitivity		 It is not suitable for multiple individuals to study simultaneously 60~63
Ridge height One year Non-destructive, contactless, reobservation, inexpensive cost, without pretreatment, lower error, large area of analysis Detection limit(insensitive to very thin layers); slow data acquisition times at very high resolutions 66
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