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Strategies in Genetic Engineering of Microalgae for High-Lipid Production

Feng Guodong1, Cheng Lihua2, Xu Xinhua2, Zhang Lin1, Chen Huanlin1   

  1. 1. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
    2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
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Fossil energy crisis and global climate change are two major challenges in the 21st century. Biodiesel, as an environmentally friendly and renewable alternative energy source to petroleum diesel, has drawn worldwide attention. Compared with vegetable oil and animal fats, algal lipid is considered to be one of future biodiesel feedstocks because of the microalgae characterized in its easy cultivation and high lipid content. The genetic engineering has now become a new research hotpoint to enhance the lipid metabolism pathway, thus to improve the lipid content of oil-rich microalgae. In this paper, the advances of lipid biosynthesis pathway in microalgae, and the metabolic regulation strategies for increasing lipid accumulation are reviewed. The importance of Kennedy pathway enhancement in the microalgal TAG biosynthesis is elaborated based on the fact that the enhanced glycerol acyltransferase expression in plants can increase the metabolism of Kennedy pathway intermediates flux, thereby increasing the triacylglycerols (TAG) accumulation. The current genetic transformation methods of microalgae and their key scientific and technical issues, as well as the possibility and prospects of genetic engineering metabolic pathways to regulate the microalgae lipid production are further discussed in detail. Contents
1 Introduction
2 TAG biosynthesis pathways
3 Kennedy pathway strengthened TAG biosynthesis
3.1 Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH)
3.2 Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT)
3.3 Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT)
3.4 Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)
4 Genetic transformation of oil-rich microalgae
4.1 Genetic transformation methods
4.2 Selection markers and promoters
5 Factors affecting protein expression
5.1 Codon usage
5.2 Gene position and copy number
5.3 Protein stability
6 Conclusions and outlook
Key words: high-lipid microalgae, triacylglycerols, biodiesel, lipid storage metabolism, genetic engineering

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