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Progress in Chemistry 2024, Vol. 36 Issue (3): 357-366 DOI: 10.7536/PC230724 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Peroxide from Covalent Organic Framework Materials

Anqi Chen, Zhiwei Jiang, Juntao Tang(), Guipeng Yu   

  1. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: * e-mail: gilbertyu@csu.edu.cn
  • About author:
    † These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • Supported by:
    Hunan province Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists(2022JJ10080); Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project, China(2021GK2014); National Natural Science Foundation of China(52173212); National Natural Science Foundation of China(52103275); Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2021JJ30795)
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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important green oxidizing agent, but the main anthraquinone process for production thereof suffers high energy consumption and large safety risks. Artificial photosynthesis H2O2 from water and oxygen features safe, environmentally friendly and energy-saving characteristics and has gradually become a research focus. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been widely used in the photocatalytic production of H2O2 for their high specific surface area, good photocatalytic performance and structural tunability. This review summarizes the recent research progress in the field of COFs photocatalytic production of H2O2, discussing the reaction mechanisms for the production of H2O2 through oxygen reduction, water oxidation, and dual-channel processes. It introduces methods to improve the photocatalytic production of H2O2 by regulating the optical bandgap, enhancing charge separation capability, and improving carrier mobility of COFs through structural design and functional group modification. These methods contribute to the design of efficient, stable, and sustainable COFs for photocatalytic production of H2O2.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Hydrogen peroxide production by ORR pathway

2.1 Direct one-step two-electron oxygen reduction mechanism

2.2 Indirect two-step single-electron oxygen reduction mechanism

3 Hydrogen peroxide production by WOR pathway

4 Dual-channel path production of hydrogen peroxide

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: covalent organic framework, hydrogen peroxide, photocatalysis, oxygen reduction, water oxidation
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of band structure of H2O2 production by photocatalyst
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide by two-electron oxygen reduction
Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of the synthesis route of (a) TAPD-(Me)2 and TAPD-(OMe)2 COF[31]; (b) Schematic diagram of the mechanism of photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production[31]; (c) Synthesis diagram of C-COFS, S-COFs and FS-COFs[32]; (d) Free energy diagram of reduction of O2 via C-COFs and FS-COFs to H2O2 and possible steps of H2O2 production by FS-COFs[32]
Fig. 4 (a) Schematic diagram of synthesis paths of CoPc-BTM-COF and COPc-DAB-COF; (b) EPR spectrum; (c) Calculated oxygen adsorption energy of Co atom and N atom in CoPc-BTM-COF; (d) FT-IR spectra of COPc-BTM-COF photocatalytic systems in situ (e) Free energy diagrams of 2e-(orange) and 4e-(cyan)ORR processes on CoPc[33]
Fig. 5 (a) Schematic diagram of the composite route of Bpy-TAPT; (b) Photocatalytic production of H2O2 by three COFs; (c) EPR spectra of Bpy-TAPT and Bpy-TAPB; (d) Mechanism of H2O2 production by Bpy-TAPT photocatalysis[34]
Fig. 6 (a) Synthesis diagram of COF；(b) the free energy change of water oxidation reaction on DETH-COF；(c) Schematic diagram of the reaction mechanism[41]
Fig. 7 Schematic diagram of COF photocatalytic production of H2O2 through dual channels
Fig. 8 (a) The chemical structure of CTFs[42]; (b) Oxygen adsorption Gibbs free energy variable map[42]; (c) Direct two-electron water oxidation reaction path synthesis of hydrogen peroxide Gibbs free energy variation[42]; (d) The chemical structure of CHFs[43]; (e) Synthesis diagram of HEP-TAPT-COF and HEP-TAPB-COF[45]
Fig. 9 (a) Schematic diagram of the synthesis of COF-TfpByy from the active site of bipyridine (b) g-C3N4 structure (c) and (d) in situ infrared at 900~1650 cm?1 and 3000~3500 cm?1 during photocatalytic production of H2O2 (e) in situ infrared at 900~1650 cm?1 during photocatalytic production of H2O2[46]; (f) The chemical structure of TTF-BT-COF[47]; (g)The chemical structures of TD-COF and TT-COF [48]
Fig. 10 (a) Preparation of TDB-COF based on multi- component strategy and photocatalysis schematic diagram; (b) WOR path Gibbs free energy change and (c) ORR path Gibbs free energy change[50]
Table 1 COFs materials are applied to photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production via ORR path
Photocatalyst Reaction condition Solution condition H2O2 generation rate ref
CTF-NS-5BT λ>420 nm Water:BA (9∶1) 1630 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 13
TPB-DMTP-COF λ > 420 nm Pure water 2882 μmol·h-1·gcat -1 14
TpMa/CN-5 λ>420 nm Isopropanol＋water 880.46 μmol 15
COF-TTA-TTTA λ~420 nm H2O∶EtOH=9∶1 4347 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 16
TiCOF-spn \ \ 489.94 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 17
EBA-COF λ=420 nm H2O∶benzyl alcohol=9∶1 2550 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 18
Bpt-CTF λ=350~780 nm H2O 32.681 μmol/h 19
N0-COF λ=495 nm \ 15.7 μmol/h 20
1H-COF \ \ 18.3 μmol/h 21
TpDz λ>420 nm H2O 7327 umol h-1 gcat-1 22
DMCR-1NH λ = 420~700 nm Water∶IPA (10∶1) 2588 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 23
Py-Da-COF λ >420 nm H2O∶BA = 9∶1 1242 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 24
4PE-N-S λ > 420 nm Real seawater∶EtOH= 9∶1 2556 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 25
PMCR-1 λ= 420~700 nm Water∶BA (10∶1) 129 028 μmol/g (60 h) 26
COF-TpHt λ>420 nm H2O∶BnOH=9∶1 11 986 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 28
TpAQ-COF-12 λ > 420 nm pure water 420 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 29
TAPD-(Me)2-COF λ=420~700nm H2O∶EtOH=1∶9 234.52 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 31
FS-COFs λ > 420 nm H2O 3904 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 32
CoPc-BTM-COF λ>400 nm H2O∶EtOH=9∶1 2096 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 33
Bpy-TAPT λ>420 nm H2O 4038 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 34
COF-TAPB-BPDA λ > 420 nm H2O∶BA (4∶1) 1240 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 35
TZ-COF \ H2O∶Benzyl alcohol (1∶1) 4951 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 36
SonoCOF-F2 λ>420 nm \ 197 μmol(24 h) 37
TF50-COF λ>400 nm H2O∶EtOH=9∶1 1739 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 38
CN-COF λ>400 nm H2O∶EtOH (9∶1) 2623 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 39
TAPB-PDA-OH λ=420 nm H2O∶EtOH=9∶1 2117.6 μmol·h-1·gcat-1 40
Table 2 COFs materials used for photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production via WOR and dual-channel pathways
Photocatalyst Reaction Condition Solution condition H2O2 generation rate Ref
DETH-COF λ=450 nm Pure Water 1665 μmol·g-1·h-1 41
CTF-BDDBN λ>420 nm Pure Water 26.6 μmol·h-1 42
CTF-DPDA λ>420 nm Pure Water 69 μmol·h-1 43
HEP-TAPT-COF λ>420 nm Pure Water 87.50 μmol·h−1 45
COF-TfpBpy λ=420 nm Pure Water 1 042 μM·h−1 46
TTF-BT-COF λ=412 nm Pure Water 276 000 μM·h−1·g−1 47
TD-COF λ>420 nm Sea Water 3 364 μmol·h -1·g-1 48
COF-nust-8 λ>420 nm H2O∶EtOH=9∶1 1 081 μmol·h -1·g-1 49
TDB-COF λ>420 nm Pure Water 723.5 μmol·h -1·g-1 50
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