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Progress in Chemistry 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (6): 968-982 DOI: 10.7536/PC230224 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Condensate Matter Chemistry of Subcritical or Supercritical Reactions

Yuan Zhang1, Beining Zheng2, Xiaofeng Wu1, Keke Huang1, Shouhua Feng1()   

  1. 1 State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University,Changchun 130012, China
    2 College of Physics, Jilin University,Changchun 130012, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: *e-mail: shfeng@jlu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    The National Natural Science Foundation of China(21831003); The National Natural Science Foundation of China(22090044); The Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan(20200802003GH)
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Through chemical reactions, definite and complex atomic and molecular condensed matter is formed. The multi-dimensional composite and synergy of the interactions between atoms and molecules expand the structure pattern of matter, and the properties of the system change dramatically, showing some characteristics of condensed matter chemistry. Under certain conditions or under supercritical disproportionation reaction, manganese metal ions are aggregated into complex modulated structures in the form of three oxidation states. In this paper, from the perspective of condensed matter chemistry, the formation of atomic-scale pn junction solids under subcritical hydrothermal conditions, quantum IV properties and electric field induced superflow phenomenon are introduced in detail, and chemical reaction driven condensed matter transition is discussed. This paper also introduces the basic properties of condensed fluid and chemical reactions involving gas molecules at all levels of condensed scale, including chemical bond repair reaction, hydrothermal reaction, artificial rainfall, tumor regression, as well as the mechanism and potential applications of condensed matter chemical reactions under supercritical conditions.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Concept and properties of supercritical fluid

2.1 Area of supercritical fluid on phase diagram

2.2 Critical phenomena in state transition

2.3 Properties of supercritical water

2.4 Properties of supercritical CO2

2.5 Properties of supercritical alcohol system

3 Solid formation under subcritical/supercritical conditions

3.1 Hydrothermal disproportionation under subcritical condition

3.2 Triple valence state and modulation structure of Mn

3.3 Atomic-scale pn junction and quantum IV effect

4 Application of supercritical fluid reaction

4.1 Chemical reaction

4.2 Industrial production

4.3 Environmental protection

4.4 C1 transformation and origin of life

4.5 Supercritical gases in astrophysics and planetary science

5 Future application direction of subcritical/supercritical system

5.1 Bose-Einstein condensation

5.2 Biocondensed matter-amino acid polymer and protein

5.3 Cancer treatment and tumor regression

5.4 Conclusion and prospect

Key words: supercritical, hydrothermal disproportionation reaction, atomic-scale pn junction, Bose-Einstein condensate, regression of tumor
Fig.1 Condensed matter science includes the design of materials that power new technologies and the exploration of fundamental disciplines[1] (The graph represents Fermi polarons condensed in a two-dimensional, spin-imbalanced Fermi gas)
Fig.2 KPZ physics in the phase dynamics of a 1D polariton condensate[2]
Fig.3 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of the Si/Fe3O4/C composites by the supercritical fluid-assisted ball-milling method[4]
Table 1 Density, viscosity and diffusivity range of gas, supercritical fluid and liquid
Properties Gas Supercritical fluid Liquid
Density (g·L-1) 0.6~2 100~1000 600~1600
Viscosity (μPa·s) 10~50 10~30 200~3000
Diffusivity×10-9 (m2·s-1) 1000 10~100 0.2~2
Fig.4 Schematic free enthalpy diagram illustrates the superheating conditions. The undulated arrow represents the slow metastability release of the superheated state by vitrification[9]
Fig.5 Artificial rainfall process[11]
Fig.6 The presence of Mn5+ has been confirmed by (a) Mn K-edge XANES spectroscopy, (b) near-infrared absorption spectra, (c) laser-induced emission and (d) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of LCKMO single crystal
Fig.7 TEM images and SAED patterns of a triple superlattice structure of a crystal in the [001] direction
Fig.8 Ⅳ curve of La1-x-yCaxKyMnO3 perovskite single crystal
Fig.9 Oscillation period of the intermolecular stretching mode, tosci plotted against the continuous H-bond lifetime, τ H B [21]
Fig.10 Centimeter-level CuO wafers prepared in ultra-alkaline hydrothermal condition
Fig.11 Preparation of aerogel[23]
Fig.12 Solubility of Caffeine in Supercritical C O 2 [30]
Fig.13 A process model for catalytic supercritical interesterification considering degradation reactions at high temperatures[38]
Fig.14 Proposed Mechanism of Phenol Formation[45]
Fig.15 Schematic representation of the interiors of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune[47]
Fig.16 Two electrons with opposite spins are paired by the interaction of exciton and electrons
Fig.17 The design of indocyanine green-encapsulated silk fibroin nanoparticles using supercritical fluid technology which exhibits excellent photothermal stability and high PTT efficiency[66]
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