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Progress in Chemistry 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (6): 904-917 DOI: 10.7536/PC221224 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Condensed Matter Chemistry in Nitrogen Fixation

Xueli Wang1, Qianru Wang2, Di Li2, Junnian Wei1, Jianping Guo2, Liang Yu2, Dehui Deng2(), Ping Chen2(), Zhenfeng Xi1()   

  1. 1 College of Chemistry, Peking University,Beijing 100871, China
    2 Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: *e-mail: dhdeng@dicp.ac.cn(Dehui Deng); pchen@dicp.ac.cn(Ping Chen); zfxi@pku.edu.cn(Zhenfeng Xi)
  • About author:
    †These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • Supported by:
    The National Natural Science Foundation of China(21988101)
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Nitrogen is an indispensable element for life and the material world. The development of efficient conversion strategies to transform dinitrogen gas into various valuable nitrogen-containing compounds is of great economic and scientific importance. The activation and transformation of dinitrogen molecule is an eternal topic in chemistry, and it is of profound significance to understand nitrogen fixation from the level of condensed matter chemistry. Several related examples have been illustrated here to discuss the effects of condensed matter phenomena in nitrogen fixation chemistry. Some critical scientific problems in the field are discussed from three aspects: nitrogen fixation in homogeneous solution, heterogeneous ammonia synthesis, and coupling multiple energy for N2/O2 conversion. We hope this review will inspire more chemists to think about the fundamental nature of nitrogen fixation chemistry from the perspective of condensed matter chemistry, offering more ideas to solve the related problems.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Condensed matter chemistry in nitrogen fixation in homogeneous solution systems

3 Condensed matter chemistry in heterogeneous ammonia synthesis

4 Condensed matter chemistry in the coupling multiple energy for N2/O2 conversion

4.1 N2/O2 conversion by non-thermal plasmas

4.2 N2/O2 conversion by electrochemistry

4.3 N2/O2 conversion by ultra sound

4.4 N2/O2 conversion by photochemistry

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: condensed state, dinitrogen gas, nitrogen fixation, ammonia synthesis
Fig.1 Typical coordination modes of transition metal-nitrogen complexes
Fig.2 DCD model for transition metal-nitrogen complexes
Scheme 1 Pentamethyl-substituted metallocene titanium-nitrogen complexes[26?-28]
Scheme 2 Trimethyl- and dimethyl-substituted metallocene titanium-nitrogen complexes[29,30]
Fig.3 Crystal structure of the [Mg2Mo8O22(OMe)6(MeOH)4]2- anion[31]
Scheme 3 Cp-phosphine ligand-supported Cr(I)-N2 complexes[33]
Scheme 4 Cp-phosphine ligand-supported Cr(0)-N2 complexes[33]
Fig.4 (A) Schematic representation of ammonia synthesis on a solid surface via the dissociative mechanism; (B) potential energy diagram of ammonia synthesis on Fe surface. The energies are given in kJ·mol-1. Reprinted with permission[37]. Copyright John Wiley and Sons
Fig.5 Volcano plot of ammonia synthesis rates with the nitrogen adsorption energy at stepped metal surface[39]
Fig.6 Schematic representation of the C7 active site on Fe catalyst (A), and B5 active site on Ru catalyst (B)[50]
Fig.7 Reaction coordinate of activation energies for N2 dissociation starting from ground (blue) or vibrationally excited states. The dashed red and yellow curves correspond to different vibrational efficiency(α= E t E α ( v ) + E v )[76]
Fig.8 The scheme of NOR on Ru/TiO2 composite electrocatalysts[96]
Fig.9 The scheme of NOR on Ru/TiO2 composite electrocatalysts[103]
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