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Progress in Chemistry 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (7): 1106-1122 DOI: 10.7536/PC221102 Previous Articles   

• Review •

Intrinsically Thermal Conductive Polymers: Heat Conduction Mechanism, Structure & Performances and Applications

Wenying Zhou1(), Fang Wang1, Yating Yang1, Yun Wang1, Yingying Zhao2, Liangqing Zhang2   

  1. 1 School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology,Xi'an 710054, China
    2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology,Xi'an 710054, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: * e-mail: wyzhou2004@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(52277028); National Natural Science Foundation of China(51577154); Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(2022-JM186); Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(2021JQ-566); Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(21JK0756)
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Heat dissipation has emerged as a critical challenge and technical bottleneck which is increasingly restricting the continuous miniaturization of large-power and ultrahigh frequency microelectronic devices and high-voltage electrical insulation equipment. High-performance heat conductive materials are highly desirable for effective thermal management. Compared with conventional heat conductive polymeric composites, the intrinsically thermal conductive polymers have gained extensive research and attention from domestic and overseas owing to their integrated excellent overall properties like high thermal conductivity and high dielectric breakdown strength, excellent flexibility, lightweight and high strength, etc. The present paper first discusses the heat conduction mechanisms in intrinsic polymers, and then systematically analyzes and reviews the following factors influencing phonon transport and polymers’ thermal conductivity: the structures from monomers and molecular chains with diverse scales, crystallinity, orientation, inter-chain interactions, crosslinking, structure defects, as well as temperature, pressure, environmental factors, etc. Further, the strategies to prepare high thermal conductivity polymers have been summarized. Finally, this paper sums up the existing questions and challenges ahead in the study of thermal conductive polymers, and points out their future research direction and prospects potential important applications in various industrial occasions.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Thermal conduction mechanisms in polymers

3 Polymers’ structure and thermal conductivity

3.1 Near-range structures

3.2 Long-range structures

3.3 Aggregation structure

4 Other factors affecting TC

4.1 Density and specific heat capacity

4.2 Electrical conductivity

4.3 Speed of sound

4.4 Temperature

4.5 Pressure

4.6 Environmental factors

5 Strategies for the preparation of ITCP

5.1 Top-down methods

5.2 Bottom-up methods

6 Conclusion and Prospects

Key words: thermally conductive polymers, phonon transport, ordered structure, orientation, hydrogen bond
Fig.1 Thermal conduction mechanism in polymers[10]. (Reprinted with permission from Ref.[10]; Copyright (2016) Progress in Polymer Science)
Fig.2 Structures of polyelectrolytes (PAR, PVPR), four caged molecules[19]: DSQ, GHSQ, PC71BM, and ADP, COF and MOF like porphyrin-based reactive metallomesogen (PorV-x)[20], and LC molecules
Fig.3 k of PE chains with different types of branching chains[22].(Reprinted with permission from Ref. [22]; Copyright (2019) Advanced Functional Materials)
Fig.4 Sharp thermal conductivity changes from 380 to 410 K due to the thermal excitation of segmental rotation[14]. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [14]; Copyright (2018) Polymer)
Fig.5 Effect of number of kinks on k of a polymer chain[52]. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [52]; Copyright (2019) Journal of Applied Physics)
Fig.6 (a) Schematic of the internal structure changes when the polymer is subject to drawing[14]; (b) k as a function of crystallinity for polytrifluorochloroethylene[62]; (c) k along the direction parallel and perpendicular to the draw direction at different draw ratios[35,58]; (d) k of PE at different draw ratios from MDS[15]. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [14] [62] [35] [58] [15]; Copyright (2018) Polymer)
Fig.7 k of different polymers as a function of their densities (a) and sound of speed (b)[14]. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [14]; Copyright (2018) Polymer)
Fig.8 (a) k of unpoled and poled P(VDF-TrFE) films; (b) The P-E loop and coercive electric field of P(VDF-TrFE) film; (c) Structure of semi-crystalline PVDF[101]. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [101]; Copyright (2021) Nano Energy)
Fig.9 Liquid crystal monomer with cyanobiphenyl mesogen and side-chain liquid crystal polymer prepared through anionic ring-opening polymerization[104]. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [104]; Copyright (2022) Royal Society of Chemistry)
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