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Progress in Chemistry 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (3): 496-508 DOI: 10.7536/PC220917 Previous Articles   

• Review •

Research Progress of Antiviral Coatings

Liu Jun, Ye Daiyong()   

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510640, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: *e-mail: cedyye@scut.edu.cn
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With the large-scale spread of COVID-19 around the world, it has caused serious damage to the health of people around the world. In addition to being transmitted by various droplets, viruses can also be transmitted by human touch of contaminated surfaces. However, as a commonly used surface antiviral method, disinfectants have the disadvantage of discontinuously inactivating viruses, which is bad for inhibiting the spread of various infectious viruses. Therefore, it is urgent to protect the surface of daily objects from virus pollution to eliminate the spread of various respiratory viruses (such as Corona Virus Disease 2019, SARS-CoV-2). From this point of view, it is very important to design and develop effective antiviral coatings. This paper discusses the working mechanisms, performance evaluation methods, processing technologies, practical applications and research progress of nanoparticle antiviral coatings and polymer antiviral coatings for SARS-CoV-2, and also proposes some strategies to design more effective antiviral coatings from the perspective of different types of antiviral coatings. Although some of these antiviral coatings are still in the experimental stage, they still show great potential in the antiviral field.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Antiviral mechanism

2.1 Direct inactivation of virus

2.2 Inhibiting virus infection of host cells

2.3 Inhibition of virus proliferation

3 Antiviral coatings

3.1 Nanomaterial antiviral coatings

3.2 Antiviral polymer coatings

4 Evaluation methods of antiviral coatings

5 Processing technologies of antiviral coatings

6 Practical applications of antiviral coatings

6.1 Antivirus mask

6.2 Antivirus fabrics

6.3 Surface of other solid objects

7 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: antiviral coatings, nanomaterial, polymer, evaluation methods, processing technology, antiviral products
Fig. 1 Structure of coronavirus[1]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society
Fig. 2 Schematic drawing of inactivation of virus in respiratory droplets by photothermal effect, photocatalytic effect and self-cleaning under solar irradiation[16]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society
Fig. 3 Comparison of zeta potential curves for MS2 bacteriophage (virus), CuO, Cu2O and Cu[18]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society
Fig. 4 SEM images of electrospun fibers, (A)without AgNP (PHBV18), (B) with AgNP (PHVB18/AgNP), and(C)size distribution of fibers[21]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier
Fig. 5 Possible mechanisms of the antiviral activity of Ag2S NCs[23]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society
Fig. 6 Antiviral mechanism of nano ZnO[24]. Copyright 2019, Advances in Nutrition
Fig. 7 SEM images of nano ZnO[25]. Copyright 2022, Coatings
Fig. 8 FE-SEM images of ZnO-NPs (a) and ZnO-PEG-NPs (b); TEM image of ZnO-PEG-NPs (c)[26]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature
Fig. 9 Cytotoxicity of ZnO-NPs (a), ZnO-PEG-NPs (b), polyethylene glycol (c), and oseltamivir (d) on MDCK-SIAT1 cells[26]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature
Fig. 10 The inhibitory rates of the four compounds against H1N1 influenza virus determined by Real-Time PCR assay[26]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature
Fig. 11 Inactivation of various types of variants. (a) changes of virus titer of different variants under visible light irradiation and (b) changes of virus titer of Delta variant[29]. Copyright 2022, Springer Nature
Table 1 Progress of carbon-based antiviral nanomaterials
Material Virus Antiviral effect ref
Graphene oxide/
Polydimethylsiloxane		 HAdV5, HSV-1, CoV The coating reduces titers of HAdV5 by 1.8 log, HSV-1 by 2.2 log, and CoV by 2.4 log 32
Polyethylenimine-carbon dots VSV Activated by visible light to effectively and efficiently inactivate VSVs 33
Fullerene derivatives HIV, Influenza viruses Promising antiviral activity against HIV and influenza viruses. 34
Carbon nanotube SARS-CoV-2 Exhibit excellent barrier and antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 35
Table 2 Research progress of 2D MXene in anti-virus
Material Virus Antiviral effect ref
Ti3C2Tx SARS-CoV-2/clade GR 99% reduction of the viral copy numbers 43
Ti3C2-Au-MPS PRRSV、SARS-CoV-2 The infection of PRRSV and SARS-CoV-2 can be blocked 44
Fig. 12 Mechanism of enveloped virus inactivation by polycation coating[46]. Copyright 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Table 3 Polymer antiviral coatings
Material Virus Antiviral effect ref
N,N-
dodecyl,
methyl PEI		 Poliovirus Rotavirus Approximately 100% virucidal activity 47
Silane-functionalized polyionenes SARS-CoV-2 Exhibiting potent bactericidal (>99.999%) and virucidal (7-log PFU reduction) activities 48
Surface-Grafted quaternary ammonium polymer MHV-A59, SuHV-1 A 4.3-log reduction in infectious MHV-A59 virus and a 3.3-log reduction in infectious SuHV-1 virus 49
SurfaceWise2 HCoV-229E, SARS-CoV-2 The inhibition rate of the two viruses is above 99.9% 50
Fig. 13 Schematic representation of an antiviral assay for surface coatings[54]. Copyright 2022, ACS Applied Bio Materials
Fig. 14 Preparation process of graphene nanosheet-embedded carbon (GNEC) film mask. (a) Deposition process of GNEC film. (b) Fabrication process of the GNEC mask[57]. Copyright 2020, Nano Research
Fig. 15 SEM images of face mask filter coated by dipping in dispersions of a) 0.1 mg/mL, b) 0.25 mg/mL, c) 0.5 mg/mL, and d) 1 mg/mL Cu@ZIF-8 NWs[55]. Copyright 2021, Advanced Functional Materials
Fig. 16 Individual packages of the wet wipes loaded with the silver nanoparticles[58]. Copyright 2021, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
Fig. 17 Antimicrobial and antiviral winter sweater made of cotton yarns treated with AgNPs[58]. Copyright 2021, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
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Research Progress of Antiviral Coatings