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Progress in Chemistry 2023, Vol. 35 Issue (5): 757-770 DOI: 10.7536/PC220916 Previous Articles   Next Articles

• Review •

Immunity and Aptamer Biosensors for Cocaine Detection

Gehui Chen1, Nan Ma1, Shuaibing Yu1, Jiao Wang1, Jinming Kong1(), Xueji Zhang2   

  1. 1 School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing 210094, China
    2 School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center,Shenzhen 518060, China
  • Received: Revised: Online: Published:
  • Contact: * e-mail: j.kong@njust.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(21974068); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21890740); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21890742); National Natural Science Foundation of China(9195401)
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Cocaine has become one of the most dangerous and illicitly abused drugs today due to the adverse effects of long-term cocaine abuse, such as arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension and aortic stiffness. Traditional cocaine chromatographic analysis methods have disadvantages such as time-consuming, cumbersome sample processing and complicated operations. Therefore, improving cocaine detection methods has a certain positive impact on crime-fighting and medicine-developing. Due to the accuracy and portability of biosensors, immunological and aptamer technologies for specific capture of targets have become an important direction for cocaine detection. In this review, different types of cocaine biosensors in recent years are mainly described, covering the research progress of cocaine detection based on electrochemical, fluorescence, colorimetric and other methods. The immuno- and aptamer-based biosensors of cocaine are reviewed, the advantages, disadvantages and development directions of cocaine sensors are summarized.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Immunosensors for cocaine detection

2.1 Labeled immunosensors

2.2 Label-free immunosensors

3 Aptasensors for cocaine detection

3.1 Fluorescent aptasensors

3.2 Colorimetric aptasensors

3.3 Electrochemical aptasensors

3.4 Other aptasensors

4 Conclusion and outlook

Key words: cocaine, immunity, aptamer, biosensor
Table 1 A comparison of different cocaine immunosensors and their limits of detection
Approach of detection Used sample Linear detection range (mol/L) Limit of detection (mol/L) ref
Electrochemical-based ELISA Water/Saliva/Urine — 4.95×10-13 19
Colorimetric Immuno-microarray Oral fluids 3.63×10-9~9.9×10-7 3.63×10-9 21
LFIA Urine 1.65×10-8~1.65×10-6 1.65×10-8 26
LFIA Saliva 1.65×10-8~3.30×10-6 1.62×10-9 27
Electrochemical Urine/Sweat/Saliva/Serum 1.65×10-8~8.25×10-7 1.19×10-8 30
Fluorescence PBS buffer — 2.30×10-11 31
Electrochemical PBS buffer 0.50×10-6~2.50×10-5 — 34
SHG PBS buffer — 7.5×10-11 35
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of sandwich-type LFIA test strip
Fig. 2 Schematic illustration of SELEX procedure
Fig. 3 (a) Methylene blue-labeled MAs cocaine biosensor[46]; (b) DFAs and cocaine assembly process[47]; (c) Fluorescent biosensor based on TFAs[48]
Table 2 A comparison of different cocaine aptasensors and their detection limits
Method Linear range (mol/L) Detection limit (mol/L) ref
Fluorescence — 5×10-6 62
Fluorescence anisotropy — — 63
Fluorescence 0~1×10-5 5×10-8 (in 10% saliva) 64
Fluorescence 5×10-10~8×10-8 8.4×10-11 65
Fluorescence 0~1×10-10 5.4×10-13 66
Cas-12a based fluorescence 4.7×10-7~1.5×10-2 3.4×10-7 67
EWF-based fluorescence 1×10-5~5×10-3 1.05×10-5 68
Fluorescence 1×10-6~5×10-4 2.5×10-7 69
Fluorescence 1×10-7~1×10-4 4.6×10-9 72
Fluorescence 1×10-8~1×10-4 8×10-10 73
Colorimetric — 8.25×10-9 mol (visual)
7.79×10-9 mol (camera)		 75
Colorimetric 2×10-10~2.5×10-8 9.7×10-10 76
Colorimetric — 1.32×10-8 mol (visual)
1.17×10-8 mol (camera)		 77
Colorimetric 0~1×10-6 7.49×10-9 78
Colorimetric 1×10-9~1.5×10-7 5×10-10 79
Colorimetric 1×10-8~1.5×10-7 3.3×10-9 80
Colorimetric 2×10-9~1×10-7 4.4×10-10 81
Colorimetric — 1×10-5 82
Colorimetric 1×10-5~5×10-3 5×10-5 (in urine)
2×10-4 (in sweat)		 83
SWV 5×10-8~1×10-6 and 1×10-6~3.5×10-5 2.1×10-8 86
SWV — — 87
EIS/DPV 3.3×10-12~3.3×10-9 1.29×10-12 (EIS)
2.22×10-12 (DPV)		 89
EIS 1×10-15~1×10-12 and 1×10-12~1×10-7 3.33×10-16 90
EIS 9×10-11~8.5×10-8 2.9×10-11 91
DPV 3.3×10-10~3.3×10-5 1×10-10 92
SWV 3.3×10-11~3.3×10-6 9×10-12 93
DPV 1×10-11~7×10-11 2.6×10-13 94
DPV 4×10-11~1.5×10-7 1.5×10-11 95
EMPAS 2×10-6~5×10-5 9×10-7 96
EMPAS 5×10-7~5×10-6 3×10-7 97
Interfacial capacitance sensing 1.45×10-14~1.45×10-11 7.8×10-15 98
FET — 1×10-9 99
Conductance change 1×10-9~1×10-5 1×10-9 102
α-HL nanopore 5×10-8~1×10-4 5×10-8 103
Personal glucometer 1×10-8~6×10-7 5.2×10-9 104
LC optical sensor 1×10-9~1×10-5 1×10-9 106
LC optical sensor 1×10-10~1×10-5 — 108
LPFG 2.5×10-5~7.5×10-5 2.5×10-5 109
PIERS 5×10-9~1×10-5 5×10-9 110
ECL 1×10-10~1×10-7 6×10-11 111
Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of fluorescence detection of cocaine based on AuNPs-QD combination[72]
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of cocaine detection based on CBSAzymes[82]
Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of AuNCs@Zr-MOF as a substrate to detect cocaine[89]
Fig. 7 Schematic diagram of LC microarray film for detection of cocaine[108]
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